Reading Educational Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Reading Educational Research - Essay Example According to Archer, Halsall and Hollingworth (2007, p 167), there are clear distinctions between the two gender identities: Femininities and Masculinities. It is in this regard that a qualitative methodology is applied to research and bring out these differences. More significantly, the implication of the differences in gender identities on the society and the behavior of the youth are described by the authors. It is argued by qualitative researchers that a methodological approach is an effective way of investigating and describing differences between people (Silverman, 2004, p. 59). It is in relation to this argument that Archer, Halsall and Hollingworth (2007, p 173) have focused in two major areas in their article. Firstly, the events in which young women participate in as compared to the male counterparts. Secondly the authors reflect on the social environment in general with an aim of demonstrating the views of the society on gender identities and gender roles. Archer, Halsall and Hollingworth (2007, p 170) employ theoretical perspectives and resources to interpret the data of the qualitative study. It is argued that a theoretical framework is used to add credibility to the discussion of research findings especially when a qualitative methodology is used to describe a social issue (Strauss & Corbin, 1998, p. 9). The theoretical framework employed by the authors in their discussion is that of feminism. The authors describe the various categorization of feminism such as hetero-normative sexuality, heterosexual femininities and hyper femininity. Through the theoretical framework and research findings, the authors present the reader with three main arguments as described in the following sentences. Firstly, the disengagement of working class girls from schooling is mediated by the manner in which they construct hetero-femininities. Secondly, Archer, Halsall and Hollingworth (2007, p 169) point out that the ethnic diversity among inner city girls construct the capital which they acquire as a way through which they would generate self worth, identity and value. Lastly, the authors explain the reasons why the young girls invest more on glamorous appearance. According to Skeggs (1997, p. 124), identities are constructed through cultural and social theory. Skeggs (1997) discusses gender, class and culture in relation to feminism and argues that theoretical view of these issues in an effective approach for deeper understanding. It is therefore evident that Skeggs (1997, p. 145) presents arguments that are congruent with the postulates of Archer, Halsall and Hollingworth (2007, p. p 176). This is exemplified by reflection that the modern society is characterized by changing power relations and gender roles. Skeggs (1997) further explains that gender and class should be fused so that the representation of power relations in the society can be understood fully. Nonetheless the information that is presented by Skeggs (1997, p. 170) is based on an ethnographic research. This author uses the works of Pierre Bourdieu and the feminist theory to describe the position that is occupied by the female gender within the modern society. The ethnography of gender and class helps in understanding the differences between the two gender identities within a school social environment. According to Archer, Halsall and Hollingworth (2007, p 178), the working class gir

The mismatch between home values and school values Research Paper

The mismatch between home values and school values - Research Paper Example They fail to have plans as they are concerned with the present life, and this is helpful in explaining the problems such as drug taking that are on the rise among adolescents. The adolescence stage comes with it different problems which need to be tackled by the concerned stakeholders, mainly the teachers and parents, to prevent losing children who succumb into these problems. The emotional development that young people go through is mostly linked to these problems. When a young person gets to the adolescence stage, he or she develops the urge of wanting to be independent. This need of independence makes them create a distance between them and their parents (Janet 2014). The different myriad forms that young people go as they search for independence include having less overt affection, pushing things to the limit, being adventurous, and spending quite a good amount of time with friends. One major problem faced by adolescents is engaging in sexual activities that result into teenage pregnancies and the spread of diseases like HIV. Most young people engage in sexual activities due to pressure from their peers and engage in the taking of drug substances like alcohol. Schools teach students to be responsible for their actions and avoid misleading peers. Teachers encourage students to open up to them when faced with difficult circumstances as they are there not only to educate them but also advice them. In the home environment, these kids find themselves in situations where it is even difficult to communicate their problems with their parents. This is caused by the notion they bear that they are growing up or rather they are grown up and do not require any assistance from their parents (Maria 2013). Most parents are ever conflicting with their children, and this makes it hard for such children tell them things, which are disturbing them.

Defining the Nature of Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Defining the Nature of Happiness - Essay Example The happier you are, the better your life is going for you. Yet the nature of happiness remains controversial. Some claim that happiness is fundamentally a matter of sensory pleasure and pain - if you are experiencing a favorable balance of pleasurable sensations over painful ones, you are happy. Others say that to be happy is to be getting your desires satisfied, whatever these desires may be. Still others say that to be happy is to be satisfied with your life as a whole."1 There are many ways which a person can do to himself to feel happy. Everybody is in the pursuit of happiness and in my view there is no way that person feel ultimate happiness. Some aspect of art and some of science are necessary for sense happiness for short time period. Nothing is forever neither happiness; it doesn't mean that the person feel guilty or sad because of that thing which made him happy. Everybody after sometime will have new aim to fulfill which they think will make them happy. Satisfaction leads to happiness, so in whatever condition we are we should do ignore our bigger aims and concentrate on little things which will make us happy on daily basis. We should count all our blessings and write it in a journal which will give you satisfaction. You should practice some acts of kindness like give charity or help someone genuinely. Relish joys of life, remember all the good moments of your life which will make you smile in less happy moments. If there is a mentor who has helped you in any way which had made things better in your life, thank him. Forgive a person who has hurt you by writing an email or giving him a phone call and it will help you a lot to move on. Personal relationship should be developed like visit family or spend time with friends; you will not feel lonely and sad. There is nobody who hasn't seen hardships of life, so religion will be your savior and believe in 'this shall too pass'. You have to take a lot of care of your body because healthy life is necessary to be happy, irregular timings of sleeps and meals will lead to sickness and you will be worried. Take plenty of sleep, practice smiling and exercise to feel better3. One of the greatest delusions related to happiness is that one need money to be happy. But if you study people around then you will feel there is not much truth in it, as rich people do not automatically become happy if they get money and poor people do not automatically unhappy if they don't get money4. Another big misconception about happiness is that one needs someone else to be happy. Happiness comes from within oneself and a person can himself control their happiness. The third big misconception about being happy is that one needs to be lucky to be happy. Happiness doesn't depend on luck. Happiness is to open oneself to happiness and to look for places where one can find happiness. So one should have a positive approach towards life; one should not wait for happiness to come to them but you have to open your life to be happy. There are many realistic benefits which can cultivate higher levels of personal importance, satisfaction and happiness, besides just "feeling

Bletchley Park GCSE Coursework Essay Example for Free

Bletchley Park GCSE Coursework Essay Bletchley Park was unique in many different was. Located just outside Bletchley, in southern England in some ways it could have been said to be detached from the rest of Britain during World War 2, lost in a secret world. The organization at Bletchley Park was unique. The method of operations, the dedication, the secrets hidden away behind the walls and even the people working there. All were completely different to what had ever been seen before in terms of code cracking. Secrecy was a big part of life in Bletchley, and even in the beginning when the initial government representatives went to check it out for possible use during wartime, they acted as privately as possible and gave reason for their stay as a hunting trip. The private aspect of station X continued throughout the war with guards patrolling the perimeters of Bletchley day and night. The secrecy kept up after the war as well, with those who had worked at Bletchley Park not being officially allowed to talk about it publicly until 1976. This was likely to be due to Churchills mistake after World War 1; of letting the Germans know that the British had cracked their code. Station X was another method of keeping the enigma secret. It was code-name used, meaning the key station where all the messages were sent. There where several other station Ys, all of which recorded any messages the intercepted and passed them straight on to the larger workstation at Bletchley (station X). This was to keep Bletchley Park looking relatively normal and aerial-free, thus aiding with the bid for secrecy. The people working at station X came from a variety of different backgrounds and were often chosen explicitly for their social records and information, rather than any skills with code breaking they had. Whilst this did only apply to the minority at Bletchley, (many working there during the war had come straight out of universities such as Oxford or Cambridge with a Maths degree) it is still a key aspect of the organization. Some were recruited on their ability to see outside of the box meaning that they were hired to see gaps (or flaws) in what others could not. This resulted in many people with more eccentric personalities residing in Bletchley during the war. Such people included the marvelous Alan Turing, who came up with the idea for the Bombe, one of the first computers in the world. He was certainly one of the abnormal people at Bletchley Park, but also an example of an extremely intelligent one. The actual organization at Bletchley was divided into certain huts. It was within these huts that the duties revolving around code cracking were divided up. For example, hut 8 may have been cracking the naval codes of the enigma, whilst hut 4 was deciding if they were to be of any use. This not only increased efficiency, but as a side effect, seemed to raise morale as well. Rather than working as a larger body were small triumphs went completely unnoticed, through these huts a sense of recognition of others efforts was able to be established. Many of the people with Bletchley were incredibly dedicated and in some cases worked solidly for 24 hours just to make sure that one particular aspect of the code was broken. This of course accelerated to process in which the enigma was eventually broken. Originally, those working at Bletchley Park were not respected or given the appropriate amount of attention by the SIS. (The secret intelligence service) However, this changed after Bletchley accurately predicted the location of a German warship that was just about the attack the British. The SIS ignored the warning, and two British ships were sunk and 1,500 men died. This was a wake up call for the SIS, who then proceeded to give any messages received from Bletchley top priority. 2. Why was Bletchley Park able to break the German enigma? Those working at Bletchley Park were able to break the enigma for several different reasons. Most importantly, it was due to their great skills at code cracking, their powerful intellect and the amazing perseverance that many had to try and achieve the goal. Other reasons must be taken into account though. Such as the clumsy mistakes by the German operators and the help that was given to the British by other countries such as the extraordinary work done by Poland before the war. The British received a great deal of intelligence from other countries during the war. The poles had secretly been working on the enigma before and during the start of the war. Three mathematicians had been trying to decode messages and solve the random jumble of letters. As Germany invaded, polish officials met up with the British and gave them all they knew about the enigma. This not only opened the gates for the British as to what the Nazis were using to scramble to letters, but also gave them a solid head start in order to go about decoding them. Later on, a German who was willing to sell information about the enigma contacted the French. French intelligence later passed this information on to the rest of the allies, including the British. Both of these two events greatly helped Bletchley Park crack the code of the enigma initially, and throughout the rest of the war. Another factor that continued to help the people working at station X were the mistakes of the German operators. It is likely that if the Germans had used the enigma exactly as directed, it would have been a lot harder to crack, thus taking up much more time. Common mistakes were not replacing or changing the order in which the cog wheels were arranged, not arranging the two plugs in the correct formation and other more minor errors that were normally results from laziness. Another fault that was used to its maximum effect was that of the double helix. In many cases, the enigma was not anywhere near as random as the Germans had first hoped, and in a few cases the British were able to see clear patterns were letters were exactly the same within the code. Whilst this was not necessarily the Germans fault, it was still as mistake that they did not know about and failed to consider. These mistakes were exploited and picked apart by the British, giving them a further chance in forming patterns out the mess. Bletchley used certain methods to ease the task of finding the right combination out of 150,000,000,000,000,000 possibilities. Techniques such as laying out perforated sheets to see if any letters matched were popular and helped the efficiency of code cracking as a whole. Also, machines that were invented during the war (including one of the first computers in the world) were a great asset to those at Bletchley as well. The machines invented during the time in Bletchley were all upgraded versions of the same basic idea. The human operator would feed in a code that had usually been worked on previously by other people or was a calculated (likely to be true) estimate (nicknamed a crib by those a Bletchley). The operator would enter the code into the machine and then it would cycle through all the possible combinations, stopping when it reached the correct one. The final version, invented by Turing, could decipher the code, possible wheel locations and possible plug locations thousands of times faster than a human. This greatly helped the British with the speed of cracking codes and sending them off to those who needed them. However it did not decrease the difficulty of knowing what formulas to use within the machine in the first place, or even decoding the initial and forming calculated guesses to feed into the machine to start off with. Those working at Bletchley had to solve several things in order to gather the information needed to have a chance at cracking the code. These included: * The Cog order and wiring * The text settings * The Cross plugging * And language (including German military slang terms) This required great patience and dedication all skills that those working at Bletchley either had already, or managed to acquire. Cracking a code can be an incredibly frustrating experience said one worker, but in most cases the results are uplifting, rewarding [and] very satisfying. Through intertwining many different people into a close knit community, along with their skills, personalities and unique ideas, Bletchley Park managed to effectively the ultimate code-cracking machine. Finally, breakthroughs were also a key factor when it came to breaking the code. Strokes of luck such as recovering German navy code books off small weather vessels that were easily captured, or getting other such Nazi secrets of sinking U-boats or crashed vehicles greatly helped advance the enigma effort. Overall, there was no key reason why the British were able to crack the code of the enigma. No huge mistake was made by the Germans that completely gave the secrets away, no massive breakthrough was made by the British to unlock all the enigma codes in one go, the end result came from many different factors that when put together, gave Bletchley Park the key to the enigma code.

Hewlett Packard Case Study

Hewlett Packard Case Study Hewlett-Packard or HP is an American multination information technology corporation that that sells hardware, software and other related business services. The product line of HP includes a wide range such as PCs, servers, software, imagining products and scanners just to name a few. Hewlett-Packard also provides services and consulting business around its products and partner products. In 2013 under Lenovo, Hewlett-Packard was the world’s second biggest PC vendor. But with so many product lines and options for such a big company such as Hewlett-Packard what problem would it run into? This issue is this would cause a high cost of design manufacture, and introduce a new product, feature, or option exceed the additional revenue it is likely to generate. Not to mention this also what costs would be related with too little or too much inventory of such a product. You also want to consider the additional supply chain intricacy along with how does this all effect the customer satisfaction. Kathy Chou who is vice president of Worldwide Commercial Sales, responsible for growing HP’s worldwide commercial business through direct and indirect channels, said â€Å"While revenue grew year over year, our profits were eroded due to unplanned operational cost,† She later stated that â€Å"As product variety grew, our forecasting accuracy suffered, and we ended up with excesses of some products and shortages of others.† Constantly growing product variety would need to meet the increasing customer needs was the mode HP took. The problem at hand is was between marketing and operations. Marketing and sales always wanted more, more SKUs, more features, and more configurations where as supply chain mangers always wanted less, less to forecast, less inventory and less complexity to manage. Analysis and Evaluation Hewlett-Packard has always been within the top 5 of Vendor market share over that last 10 years, as you can see from the chart below of its Global laptop market share by units, percent from 2006-2013. Global laptop market share by units, percent (2006-2013) Rank 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20131 1 Dell 15.9 HP 18.1 HP 18.2 HP 19.1 HP 17.9 HP 16.6 HP 16.1 Lenovo 16.9 2 HP 15.9 Dell 14.2 Dell 14.1 Acer 12.9 Acer 13.9 Lenovo 12.5 Lenovo 14.9 HP 16.2 3 Acer 7.6 Acer 9.7 Acer 10.6 Dell 12.1 Dell 12.0 Dell 11.7 Dell 10.7 Dell 11.6 4 Lenovo 7.0 Lenovo 7.4 Lenovo 7.5 Lenovo 8.0 Lenovo 10.9 Acer 10.8 Acer 10.2 Acer 8.1 5 Toshiba 3.8 Toshiba 4.0 Toshiba 4.6 Toshiba 5.0 Asus 5.4 Asus 5.7 Asus 6.9 Asus 6.3 Others 49.8 46.5 44.9 42.8 40.0 42.8 41.2 40.8 If HP wanted to stay on top each and every year it would need an answer, a tool, a way to fix all problems at hand and continue to improve each and every year. Recommendations HP wouldn’t be anything if it didn’t innovate and Kathy Chou was fully aware of this. With the rising cost and inefficiency associated with managing millions of products and configurations this problems â€Å"took their toll† she stated which soon she followed with â€Å"and we have no idea how to solve it.† So what would it take to solve these issues? HP would need a tool that would use a procedure or formula for solving a problem. HP combined a team within its company which would consist of HP Business Group, HP labs and HP Strategy Planning and Modeling and also individuals from a handful of consultancies and universities in order to work on the problems. Over the year the team would produced an analytically driven process for evaluating new products, created a tool for prioritizing existing products in a portfolio and developed an algorithm that solves the problem many times fast than previous technologies, which advancing the theory and practice of ne twork optimization. With all the hard work done over the years the team would be reward in 2009 with an Edelman award (worlds leading prize for excellence in operations research practices) in developing what was called a revenue coverage optimization (RCO). This tool would allow HP to offer customers significantly improved service and at the same time save the company tons of money in improved efficiencies. Once this tool was implemented, HP would be improved customer service and saved the company a lot of money. Also this improved efficiency with HP business with their customers. References: Turban, Efraim, and Jay E. Aronson. Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print. Hewlett-Packard (HP). What Is ? Web. 14 Nov. 2014. . Executive Biography. HP. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. . Gartner Says PC Vendors Experienced a Happy Holiday Season with Fourth Quarter Worldwide Shipments Increasing 12 Percent. Gartner Press Release. January 14, 2004. Questions for the Case When offering to many product lines and options that a big company such as HP might face are A high cost of design, manufacture, and introduce a new product, feature, or option exceed the additional revenue it is likely to generate The cost associated with too much or too little inventory for such a product, not to mention additional supply chain complexity, and how does all that impact customer satisfaction. The possible conflict between marketing and operations is that marketing and sales always wanted more, more SKUs, more features, more configurations where as supply chain mangers always wanted less, less to forecast, less inventory and less complexity to manage. HP combined a team within which would consist of HP Business Group, HP labs and HP strategy Planning and Modeling and also individuals from a handful of consultancies and universities. Produced an analytically driven process for evaluating new products Created a tool for prioritizing existing products in a portfolio Developed an algorithm that solves the problem many times fast than previous technologies, which advancing the theory and practice of network optimization. Whatis.com defines algorithm as a procedure or formula for solving a problem. An HP Senior Fellow Robert Tarjan has developed algorithms useful in everything from improving chip design to routing telephone calls, from optimizing deliveries in transportation networks to improving searches of large data sets. A software tool Revenue Coverage Optimization (RCO) was been developed that allowed HP to offer customers significantly improved service and at the same time save the company tons of money in improved efficiencies. This tool in 2009 won the Franz Edelman Award, the worlds leading prize for excellence in operations research practices. Robert Tarjan has received such major national and international awards as the ACM Turing Award, known as the â€Å"Nobel Prize† of computing, the Nevanlinna Prize and most recently, the Blaise Pascal Medal in Mathematics and Computer Science. References: Algorithm. What Is ? Web. 14 Nov. 2014. . Robert Tarjan. HP Labs. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. . The benefits HP gained from implementation of this model over all resulted in improved customer service and saved the company a lot of money. Also this improved efficiency with HP business with their customers.

Types of Mathematics and Engineering

Types of Mathematics and Engineering Engineering: Engineering is the word that does not have proper definition. Every person thinks with different point of view so create different definition but most commonly used definition of engineering is, this is the practical application of science to commerce or industry. As we know that the work of scientist is to know, the engineer to do i.e. the engineer brings the knowledge from science to solve the problems. Engineering also give account of costs, safety, performance and limitations of the given resources. Mathematics: Mathematics is defined as the study of quantities and relations with the help of numbers and symbols. So, mathematics and engineering work together as they are right hand to each other because engineering uses mathematical operations in calculation of their projects. Mathematics is very famous in modern industry. So, mathematics is found in every sector of the job market as in engineering research, telecommunications, computer services and software, energy systems, computer manufacturers, aerospace and automotive, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and government laboratories, among others. Different types of mathematics Geometry Trigonometry Calculus I and II Linear Algebra Differential Equations Statistics. 1) Geometry:Geometry ( geo = earth, metria = measure) is a part of mathematics deals with the size, shape, relative position of figures and also includes solving of space. Geometry is one of the oldest sciences we use till now. FIG; Representation of different shapes 2) Trigonometry: Algebra is the branch of mathematics concern with the study of rules of operations and the things constructed from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures. It works with the geometry, analysis, topology, combinatory, and number theory, algebra is the one of the most important part of the mathematics. Statements based on these variables are solved by using the rules of operations that apply to numbers, eg: multiply, subtraction, addition, etc. FIG: A polynomial equation 3) Calculus: Calculus (It is a Latin word, calculus, a small stone used for counting) is a branch in mathematics works on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals and infinite series. This part of mathematics deals with a major part of modern mathematics education. It is divided into two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus. It is the study of change occurs on the limits, same as that of geometry which is the study of shapes and algebra is the study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. Calculus is very much used in science, economics and engineering and can solve using calculus we cant imagine its solution without calculus. Differential Equations Integral Calculus 4) Linear Algebra: Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics deals with the study of vectors, vector spaces (also called linear spaces), linear maps (also called linear transformations), and systems of linear equations. Vector spaces are the very important part in modern mathematics; thus, linear algebra is widely used in both abstract algebra and functional analysis. 5) Differential Equations: A differential equations are the mathematical equations for unknown functions of one or more variables that relate the values of the functions by itself and its derivatives. Differential equations play a very important role in physics, engineering, economics and other subjects of science. Differential equations are use in almost every area of science and technology. Newtons Laws also use differential equations which allow one to relate the position, velocity, acceleration and various forces acting on the body and state this relation as a differential equation for the unknown position of the body as a function of time. 6) Statistics: Statistics is the part of mathematics, as it is basically the science of making good and efficient use of numerical data related to groups of individual numeric. It basically deals with not only the collections, analysis and interpretations of the collected data, but also the planning of the collection of data. Different types of engineering are: Computer science engineering. Chemical engineering. Civil engineering. Mechanical engineering. Electrical engineering. Aerospace engineering. Electrochemical engineering. Nuclear engineering. Marine engineering. Architectural engineering. Environmental engineering. Let us discuss them separately: 1) Computer science engineering: All computer programs do some form of counting as a small part of a task. Counting a hundred items does not take a long time, even without a computer but some computers may have to count a billion items or more. If the counting is not done efficiently, it may take days for a program to finish a report which may take few minutes to check. For example, when we want to find winning lottery ticket numbers of all lottery tickets. There are various techniques, and tools, etc. commonly used in software. Examples include: Boolean Algebra Object Oriented Programming Data Structures (lists, sets, queues, stacks, etc.) Algorithms (sorting, searching, traversing, etc.) Relational Theory Set Theory Type Theory The above examples are based on mathematical calculations. 2) Chemical engineering: Mathematics is very useful in preparing various components of compounds, as compounds are made of different chemicals so addition of chemicals are properly measured and the quantity to be put are calculated by different mathematics forms, as follow: Geometry Trigonometry Calculus I and II Linear Algebra Differential Equations Statistics. 3) Civil Engineering: Civil engineering also cannot move without mathematics as this engineering also includes various types of calculations for a work to be going on. For example: We must calculate how much strength a straight bar will bear (like a bridge) before breakage. How much weight can a cable of c amount of strands take before it pulls apart? The branch mathematics used in this engineering is as follow: Geometry Differential Equations Relational Theory Statistics. 4) Mechanical engineering: The main work of mechanical industry is manufacture industrial machinery, consumer products, and etc. They may make sketches and rough layouts, record and analyze data, make calculations and estimates and all the above things need mathematics. This engineering also includes topics as thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, machine design and mechanics of materials, manufacturing, system dynamics, numerical modeling, vibrations, turbo machinery, combustion, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning which also needs physics which is based on math. The different forms of mathematics which mechanical engineering want are as follows: Calculus 1, 2, and 3 Linear Algebra Differential Equations. 5) Electrical engineering: Mathematics is also very helpful in electrical engineering. As preparation of circuits consist of many calculations if we want efficient circuit to be placed. Mathematics is helpful as follows: a) Modeling and study of electric circuits using mathematical differential equations of first, second and higher orders. b) The design of system such as filters using Laplace and Z transforms. c) Electrical applications for motion using special equations. So, this engineering follows following branches of mathematics: Arithmetic Algebra Geometry Calculus Differential equations Complex analysis Probability and statistics. For example: 5 gauge wires can carry an amount of current, with a loss of b over c distance. How much wire of that size can we have to lay before we lose too much current for specific circuit? 6) Aerospace engineering: The aerospace engineering is for manufacturing and maintenance of aircraft and space vehicles. This engineering uses computer and communication systems. So, this engineering includes all the branches of math which are included in computer engineering and mechanical engineering. They are: Calculus 1,2,3 Linear Algebra Differential Equations. 7) Electrochemical Engineering: The electrochemical engineering is the engineering which is the combination of both electrical as well as chemical engineering. So, this engineering also needs various operations and calculations for production of various components used in different products. 8) Nuclear engineering: The nuclear industry consist of various tasks such as production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy To be a nuclear engineer a person need to have proper knowledge of physics, computer, chemistry and mathematics so, in short a person should have proper knowledge of all fields of science including mathematics. 9) Marine Engineering: As we know that this engineering is related to Ships sailing in the oceans and seas. Ships has to find their way in the water by measuring the directions as there are no mile stones in water as on land. To find out the direction lots of calculations has to be done which need mathematics. The location of the ship is finding out by use of mathematics with combination of physics. 10) Architectural Engineering: Architectural Engineering is a type pf engineering which is used to construct, plan and design of buildings and other structures. So, these work cant be completed without using calculations and calculations use mathematics. Suppose if an engineer has to design bridge it ahs to do various calculations, we do have formula for calculating strength of bridge S=C(1-e^-kt) Where S=strength of bridge C=Constant k=Constant t=time 11) Environmental Engineering: This engineering is related to the developing methods and devices used in controlling, preventing the environmental disasters. In this the scientist and environmental engineers check and develop equipment related to air pollution and recycling of waste products. Water is also inspected and water treatments are also developed. The all above mention work need lots and lots of mathematical calculations. As inspection of various environmental disasters need calculation and there remedies also dont go without calculations. So, again mathematics is used here. Conclusion: So, from our above discussion we concluded that engineering is very broad branch and mathematics plays a very important role in it. As I had already discussed the use of mathematics in engineering. We have to do calculations in almost every engineering to some or large extend.

Exxon Oil Spill Essay -- essays research papers

Oil spills have often occurred too many times in this world. Unfortunately, when this does happen, there is always losses of life. Many people are affected by it. There is always a price to pay. On March 24, 1989 the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilt all its oil into the ocean.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Going about twelve miles per hour, the doubt of a oil spill was highly unlikely. But, when the oil tanker hit Bligh Reef in Alaska’s Prince William Sound, the worst oil spill in United States history occurred. Consequently, more than eleven million gallons of oil spued into the ocean. In addition, more than thirteen hundred miles of shoreline was coated with oil. Furthermore, the slick would have covered more than three football fields in width. It was the fifty-third ranked spill in the world and the worst the United States has ever seen. Many places would be contaminated by the oil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only did the oil spill into the ocean, it also got on shore. More than one thousand miles of shore line was hit by the oil. It hurt the small towns along Alaska, Canada, and even parts of Russia that depend on fishing and the sea life. Many species were affected by it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The disaster destroyed many sea creatures. More than 250,000 birds were wiped out. Over 2,800 sea otters were killed. Analysis showed that there are two recovered species. These species are the bald eagle and the river otter. Also, there are eight recovering species. These are the black oystercatcher, common murre, marbled murrelet, mussel, Pacific herring, pink salmon, sea otter, sockeye salmon, and intertidal and subtidal flora and fauna. Unfortunate, there are six unrecovered species. Common loon, cormorant, harbor seal, harlequin duck, pigeon guillemot, and others are among these. In addition, there are four species of unknown recovery. They include the cutthroat trout, dolly varden, kittlitz’s murrelet, and rockfish. Not only were the fish affected, but also the humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thousands of fisherman were hurt by the spill. In fact, more than 10,000 fisherman that work the waters of Prince William Sound, Cook Inlet, and Kodiak Island received money from Exxon. Exxon estimated that the losses to commercial fisheries amounted to $113 million. Exxon paid the fisherman $286.8 million in compensatory damages. Because of the s... ...more than $2.1 billion in cleanup costs in the first two years after the disaster. Surprisingly, only about fourteen percent of the oil was recovered by cleanup crews. Cleaning and natural degradation removed much of the oil from the beaches, but visually identifiable surface and subsurface oil persists at many locations. Of the approximate 1,300 miles of shorelines, 200 miles of it was considered heavy or medium oiling. The rest of the shorelines were considered light or very light oiling. So what happened to the 10.8 million gallons of oil released into the environment? Based on surveys, most of the oil either evaporated, dispersed into the water column, or degraded naturally. Cleanup crews just got fourteen percent of it while thirteen percent of it sunk to the sea floor. About two percent remains on the beaches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  March 24, 1989 is a date no one will forget. As the worst oil spill ever to hit America, many sea creatures lost their life and humans lost their source of work and food. A lesson can be learned from the tragedy of the Exxon Valdez. It is too bad it was learned with the expense of thousands of sea creatures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚