Formative, Summative and Confirmative Evaluation Assignment

Formative, Summative and Confirmative Evaluation - Assignment Example While summative evaluation focuses on the outcome or the effectiveness of the program. It is used to measure effectiveness of a performance intervention or evaluates if the interventions during the process have resulted into an effective outcome (Van Tiem et al., 2000, p. 157). Summative evaluation as the name suggests summarizes the result after the whole process was made by assessing whether the object can be said to have caused the outcome; determining the overall impact of the causal factor beyond only the immediate target outcomes; and, estimating the relative costs associated with the object (Trochim, 2006). On the contrary, confirmative evaluation, unlike the first two focuses on determining the adequacy of competence of the learners. Confirmative Evaluation is applied to analyze long-term performance by collecting, examining and interpreting data and information in order to determine the continuing competence of learners or the continuing effectiveness of instructional materials (Van Tiem et al., 2000, p.157-158). Compare and Contrast The benefits of using the formative evaluation include enabling the teachers to assess the students with what they need to do and adjusting in order to have a better lessons and activities. It also allows them to know if their program is working, and they allow students to know their own progress. Students are more motivated because they learn to assess themselves (Boston, 2002). Summative evaluation’s benefits are the teachers are able to determine where the student’s weak area is and they can provide a better solution. It also measures the success of their training program and it makes the students gain confidence knowing that their progress is good (Boston, 2002). Confirmative evaluation’s benefit is that it analyzes long term performance and it is able to measure whether the learners are competent and whether the materials used are effective. Formative and summative evaluation provides a fast solution while confirmative provides a solution after a period of t ime. Teachers are faced with the challenge of developing their own assessments and it’s often a challenge especially for new teachers to understand the differences between the types of

The crucial elements of gothic horror Essay Example for Free

The crucial elements of gothic horror Essay Gothic horror first started to appear in the early C19th. Gothic was applied later on by renaissance and enlightenment negatively to mean medieval critics because it was considered barbaric. As the centuries went past the term gothic was no longer the meaning of a negative connotation so it was used to refer an ancient past in a nostalgic way. At the end of the C18th the gothic movement had changed from enlightenment rationalism to horror, darkness and elements from the dark realm. The gothic movement is still but mostly horror. Common motifs used in gothic horror stories are murder, suicide, torture, madness, lycanthropy, ghosts, vampires, demons, poltergeists, demonic pacts, diabolic possession/ exorcism, witchcraft and voodoo. Im going to analyse Napoleon and the spectre, The goblins who stole a sexton and The signalman. Napoleon and the spectre is written by Charlotte Bronte, the goblins who stole a sexton and the signalman are both written by Charles Dickens. At the starting point of the Napoleon and the Spectre story Bronte already mentions that theres something or someone in Napoleons room; she writes: . in a few minutes the emperor felt his pillow becoming hard, and he got up to shake it. As he did so a slight rustling noise was heard near the bed-head. But it stops as Napoleon lies down. This indicates that a ghost is in the room and the mysterious noises also indicate that the presence of a ghost is possible. Ghosts and mysterious noises are crucial elements of gothic horror because theyre inhumane things so people are scared of them and mysterious noises are linked to ghosts, ghosts are one of the common motifs used in gothic horror. Napoleon responds to a deep groan from a closet in the corner of the apartment by crying Whos there? Speak or Ill blow your brains out. A short sharp laugh is the reply to this threat and a dead silence follows. Again this indicates that there is a ghostly presence and the dead silence is a crucial gothic element because this creates tension. When Napoleon opens the closet another rustling noise was heard but nothing was there, also indicates a ghostly presence. Bronte is describing ghostly effects. When the candlelight is obscured by a black opaque shadow another gothic element (darkness) is brought in. Darkness is another crucial gothic element because some of the common motifs used in gothic horror are associated with darkness such as vampires: they come out at night, witchcraft: witches wear black clothes etc.

Free Yellow Wallpaper Essays: The Cure is Worse :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

The Cure is Worse than the Disease in The Yellow Wall Paper  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Often times what is meant to help can hinder. Positive intentions do not always bring about desirable effects. The "Yellow Wallpaper" is an example of such an occurrence. In this short story the narrator is detained in a lonesome, drab room in an attempt to free herself of a nervous disorder. During the era in which this narrative was written such practices were considered beneficial. The narrators husband, a physician adheres to this belief and forces his wife into a treatment of solitude. Rather than heal the narrator of her psychological disorder, the treatment only contributes to its effects, driving her into a severe depression. Under the orders of her husband, the narrator was moved to a house far from society in the country, wherein she is locked into an upstairs room. This environment serves not as an inspiration for mental health but as an element of repression. The locked door and barred windows serves to physically restrain her. "The windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls."(p218). Being exposed to the room's yellow wallpaper is dreadful and fosters only negative creativity. "The color is hideous enough, and unreliable enough, and infuriating enough, but the pattern is torturing.(p224). All through the story the yellow paper acts as an antagonist causing her to become very annoyed and disturbed. There is nothing to do in the secluded room but stare at the wallpaper. The narrator tells of the haphazard pattern having no organization or symmetrical plot. Her constant examination and reflection of the wallpaper causes her much travail. "I determine for the thous andth time that I will follow that pointless Johnston 2 pattern to some sort of a conclusion." (p221). The treatments call for isolation was a repressive factor .The narrator did not believe isolation would cure her disorder. Social contact and outside stimulation was her desire. "I sometimes fancy that in my condition if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus, but John says the worst thing I can do is think about my condition.(p217). She was cut off from society and forbidden from seeing her baby. It is not natural to be confined to little social contact for large amounts of time. Society provides a sundry of different sights, sounds, feelings and stimuli to its inhabitants.

Dulce Et Decorum Est Analysis Essay

In Owen’s â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est,† Owen provides the reader with many examples of imagery conveyed through various literary devices. In English, Dulce Et Decorum Est, translates to â€Å"it is sweet and fitting, to die for your native land. † The images of excitement, death, and sadness that are painted by Owen are the most well conveyed and therefore the most impactful images and to ultimately show the irony in the poem because of Owen’s choice of literary techniques. An example that is well projected is â€Å"GAS! Gas! Quick, boys! — An ecstasy of fumbling, fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;† these lines produce an image of excitement. The image of excitement Owen produces among the soldiers is done through the use of charged words and punctuation. The image that is produced from â€Å"GAS! Gas! Quick, boys! — An ecstasy of fumbling, fitting the clumsy helmets just in time,† can be described as a division of soldiers in the trenches going about the daily routine of shooting and getting shot at, undergo a horrid excitement of gas landing in the trenches. Then, as a soldier barks, telling the others to place on the gas masks. By using words such as â€Å" ecstasy,† â€Å"fumbling,† and â€Å"clumsy,† Owen touches the reader’s emotion by depicting an action that is intense because this movement of the soldiers will either mean life or a slow, painful death. Also, the punctuation that is present produces an envisionment of an officer barking at the younger, less experienced troops, telling the soldiers to put on the masks over the words â€Å"GAS! Gas! Quick, boys! † The overall image smoothly and excitingly transitions from the walking, bloody, and fatigued troops to a life or death situation that makes an essential impact on the poem. Though the troop of men successfully attached the gas masks, Owen continues on to further depict an image of a not so fortunate man who did not have the same privilege. The picture from â€Å"And floundering like a man in fire or lime. — Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light As under a green sea, I saw him drowning† can be described as an unfortunate man that is being eradicated through a short, painful death. By using imagery to describe the dying man that could be seen through the thick, green and misty gas, Owen describes a painful death of a soldier in such detail through the use of imagery, allows the reader to picture this â€Å"deathly painting. †. Also, the metaphor, â€Å"As under a green sea† compares murky sea water to the thickness . In Owen’s â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est,† Owen provides the reader with many examples of imagery conveyed through various literary devices. In English, Dulce Et Decorum Est, translates to â€Å"it is sweet and fitting, to die for your native land. † The images of excitement, death, and sadness that are painted by Owen are the most well conveyed and therefore the most impactful images and to ultimately show the irony in the poem because of Owen’s choice of literary techniques. An example that is well projected is â€Å"GAS! Gas! Quick, boys! — An ecstasy of fumbling, fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;† these lines produce an image of excitement. The image of excitement Owen produces among the soldiers is done through the use of charged words and punctuation. The image that is produced from â€Å"GAS! Gas! Quick, boys! — An ecstasy of fumbling, fitting the clumsy helmets just in time,† can be described as a division of soldiers in the trenches going about the daily routine of shooting and getting shot at, undergo a horrid excitement of gas landing in the trenches. Then, as a soldier barks, telling the others to place on the gas masks. By using words such as â€Å" ecstasy,† â€Å"fumbling,† and â€Å"clumsy,† Owen touches the reader’s emotion by depicting an action that is intense because this movement of the soldiers will either mean life or a slow, painful death. Also, the punctuation that is present produces an envisionment of an officer barking at the younger, less experienced troops, telling the soldiers to put on the masks over the words â€Å"GAS! Gas! Quick, boys! † The overall image smoothly and excitingly transitions from the walking, bloody, and fatigued troops to a life or death situation that makes an essential impact on the poem. Though the troop of men successfully attached the gas masks, Owen continues on to further depict an image of a not so fortunate man who did not have the same privilege. The picture from â€Å"And floundering like a man in fire or lime. — Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light As under a green sea, I saw him drowning† can be described as an unfortunate man that is being eradicated through a short, painful death. By using imagery to describe the dying man that could be seen through the thick, green and misty gas, Owen describes a painful death of a soldier in such detail through the use of imagery, allows the reader to picture this â€Å"deathly painting. †. Also, the metaphor, â€Å"As under a green sea† compares murky sea water to the thickness and coloration of the gas the soldier is entrapped in. The picture continues the previous image of the soldiers affixing the masks to an unfortunate man that was not able to do so, and paid the price. Before the splurge of excitement and the dying of a soldier, the same group of men were already suffering from the effects of war as depicted previously in the poem. The picture of death Owen conveys among the unlucky soldier is done through the use of imagery and metaphor. The depiction of the sadness of war Owen coins among the unlucky soldiers is completed through the use of punctuation and charged words from â€Å"Many lost their boots but limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of disappointed shells that dropped behind. †By employing punctuation to illustrate the slow and trudging group of men. With every punctuation within the lines of poetry, the punctuation characterizes a pause in the soldiers’ walking as they prepare for the next seemingly endless step through the sludge in the trenches. Also, the charged words such as â€Å"limped,† â€Å"lame,† and â€Å"deaf,† allow the reader to put envision what it was like to be in a soldiers’ boots and experience the true colors of war; sadness and despair. The image shows the condition of the group of soldiers as well as the landscape the soldiers call home. By employing the literary devices of punctuation and charged words, Owen gives the reader an envisionment of the group of men and the tolls of war. Through Owen’s choice of literary devices, Owen successfully portrays excitement, death, and sadness to the reader and without these images, Owen could not have conveyed the irony in the phrase â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est. † The portraits of the soldiers equipped with gas masks, the dying soldier, and the condition of the troops show the true colors of war, which is what Owen was attempting to convey throughout the poem.

Influences of health care delivery

Describe one factor which influences wellness attention bringing in the UK Team working It is of import to look at how team working be improved in order to continually better the criterion of attention given to the patient. Sometimes team members will work good together but sometimes tensenesss can develop between different professionals looking after a patient. There are some state of affairss where a squad attack works better than an single one ( Pickering and Thompson, 2003 ) for case where a mixture of accomplishments is required and it can besides forestall fight where the latter may be damaging to the overall service of attention. For squad work to be effectual there must be equal administration. There can be two facets of the success of squad working, foremost how good the external aim is achieved and secondly the internal mechanics of the group embracing how good the single group members work together ( Pickering and Thompson, 2003 ) . Pickering and Thomson ( 2003 ) have summarised some of the factors which help a squad to work good and besides those factors which can adversely impact its public presentation. In the former class are ;The undertaking is focussedEveryone participates in a relaxed ambianceCommunicationConsensus determinationsAppropriate feedback and ego ratingActions clearly assigned to team membersLeadershipThingss adversely impacting squad work include the followers ;Poor communicatingMembers fostering their ain terminalsLack of leadingNo apprehension of functionsThere is inherently the possibility for a grade of struggle between professionals who are at different degrees of experience within their forte. NICE overcomes, at least the theoretical constituent of, this by doing mention to â€Å"health professionals† instead than depicting them as belong to any one peculiar group. Another disadvantage of a squad construction can be people merely go oning to work as persons, nevertheless â€Å"wo rking â€Å" together † instead than working â€Å" aboard † can excite people and consequence in new ways of undertaking old problems.† ( Davies, 2000 ) . Collaboration with other squad members is most effectual when the squad members recognise each other’s differences and besides readily accept that each member’s position from their ain professional point of view, is merely every bit valid as those of the other members. The differences through can make tensenesss. When the squad is set up single members need to hold assurance in the other squad members. There does, nevertheless necessitate to be some regulations so that certain members do non over shadow the others who need still to be heard. Troubles can originate in big squads. In some multidisciplinary squads the squad members may non all be clearly demarcated. There may be considerable convergence of functions. To assist get the better of this it is of import that the overall aim is clear to all involved and that each individual is cognizant of the duties of the other members in order to avoid duplicates and skips. Team undertakings may alter and the squad needs to be antiphonal to this with an effectual agencies of accommodating its work and even altering its members. Overwhelmingly the most of import facet of squad working is communicating and this is so in all facets of squad working. Critically measure how this influences the proviso of quality wellness attention in regard of the client ‘s professional pattern Team working has an influence on the professional pattern of chiropody in a figure of ways. Podiatry services are frequently provided as portion of a multidisciplinary squad, possibly no-where is this more evident than the podiatric attention given to people with diabetes. For this ground this subject will be analysed in greater item to analyze the of import facets of squad working. At the phase of puting up or modifying a podiatric service the chiropodist is involved as portion of a squad measuring future alterations, make up one's minding on way of alteration and puting up execution. Chiropodists as a squad will hold different countries of involvement within chiropody. For case some may hold an involvement and particular accomplishment in pediatric chiropody, others in general work, others in forensic facets. The manner they work good as a squad will act upon patient result and interaction with other services e.g. the tribunals. Another of import facet of the squad attack is the pa tient being involved as a squad member, once more peculiarly of import in diabetics. Here the chiropodist has a function in patient instruction. The different types of squad working outlined above require different accomplishments of the chiropodist. For case in the multidisciplinary squad of import qualities are a regard for others ways of working and understanding, giving and having feedback. When puting up a service leading qualities, assertiveness and coaction are of import. Multidisciplinary squad Diabetess is a peculiarly of import status for the chiropodist. It has important prevalence with high hazard of terrible wellness effects. Diabetes mellitus affects 1-2 % of the population and half of all lower limb amputations are done because of diabetic complications ( Lorimer, 2002 ) . The chiropodist has an of import function in bar of complications of the diabetic pes since 15 % of diabetic people have a pes ulcer and most leg amputations are preceded by ulceration ( Lorimer, 2002 ) . Diabetess is a multisystem upset and there is hence a demand for close affair between the different squad members who may consist ;ChiropodistDiabetologistSpecialist nurseVascular and orthopedic sawbonessOphthalmologistIn add-on the patient’s attention is frequently shared with their general practician. There are interacting pathological procedures ensuing from the effects of diabetes which contribute to the pes jobs ;Vascular coronary artery disease and little vas disease cut down blood supplyReduced blood O transporting capacityReduced opposition to infection and hapless lesion healingNeurological abnormalcies impede esthesis ; pain no longer protects against hurtPoor vision impedes the diabetic person in inspecting their pess and their manual sleight for cutting their nailsNephritic damage predisposes to oedema which compounds many of the jobs already discussed.In working as a portion of the multidisciplinary squad within diabetic attention there is a really clear undertaking focal point, which is so of import for the effectual operation of a squad attack. The St Vincent’s Declaration has the clearly defined purpose â€Å"a decrease in all lower limb amputations from sphacelus by 50 % over 5 years.† The papers â€Å"Working together to pull off diabetes† is really utile from the point of position of educating other members of the squad. It reinforces the thought of consistence of advice given to patients by different members of the multidisciplinary squad peculiarly by druggists, chiropodists, oculists and tooth doctors. An extra of import characteristic is that it promotes acknowledgment of the factors that require pressing attending by a different member of the squad. To do this work efficaciously it is of import that clear referral mechanisms are in topographic point so that the patient can be easy referred straight to the appropriate member of the squad. Knowledge of the aims of other squad members enables a proactive attack to the jobs within the other subjects. The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot describes, in its practical guidelines, five basiss of attention in the diabetic pes ;Inspecting the pes on a regular basisDesignation of the pes at hazardEducating the patient, their household and health care suppliersAppropriate footwearTreatment of non-ulcerative pathologyThe National Service Framework for Diabetes describes agreements for pes attention for diabetics with Foot Protection Programmes for those at hazard of pes complications and to boot a Multidisciplinary Foot Care Service where the squad members here have more extended accomplishment and cognition to cover with diabetics who really have developed pes jobs or who are at particularly high hazard of so making. Involving the patient in the squad Giving advice to the diabetic patient is an of import facet of attention ( NICE 2004 ) . Patients must have pes attention instruction and advice about suited footwear. It is peculiarly damaging to the pes good being of diabetics if they smoke. It is hence of import that the chiropodist stress this and help with supplying aid about smoking surcease AIDSs. This is emphasized in the Prodigy guidelines. Since diabetes is a multisystem upset smoke will be holding an inauspicious consequence on other bodily systems. It is extremely likely that the patient will be having recommendations and advice about halting smoking from many different members of the multidisciplinary squad. This presents a peculiar challenge to the chiropodist. He or she does non desire to lose out treatment of the inauspicious effects of smoking but does non desire to be seen as yet another individual pecking about the inauspicious effects. Merely showing the information in written literature may non do, it might non be read or it might merely intensify a job of information overload. Clearly this illustrates a manner that the chiropodist must work as a portion of the squad holding wi th other squad members how to near the smoke issue and who should make this and with what grade of accent. Communication is critical if this is to work satisfactorily. For case the diabetologist needs to cognize at what degree of hazard the patient’s pess are soon in. If the pes state of affairs is become critical all avenues of trying smoking surcease will necessitate to be invoked. Similarly good diabetic control ( Turner, 1998 ) and control of blood force per unit area ( UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, 1998 ) are to the advantage of the diabetic’s pess and the chiropodist needs as consciousness of this in order to reenforce the appropriate advice. Davies C 2000 Getting wellness professionals to work together BMJ 320:1021-1022 Diabetes Care and research in Europe 1990 The Saint Vincent Declaration. Workshop study diabetic medical specialty. 7:360 Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Foot Problems for Peoples with Diabetes. Prodigy guidelines. International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iwgdf.org/ accessed 20 March 2006 Lorimer D French G O’Donnell et Al 2002 Neale’s Disorders of the pes, diagnosing and direction. Churchill Livingstone, London. McInnes 2005 Where were you on World Diabetes Day? The diabetic pes 8 4 National Service Framework for Diabetes Department of Health ( 2003 ) London National Institute for Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) guideline for type 1 diabetes in grownups ( 2002 ) , ( 2004 ) Pickering S and Thompson J, 2003 Clinical administration and best value. Churchill Livingstone. London St Vincent Declaration. Department of Health/British Diabetic Association. St Vincent joint Task Force for Diabetes. British Diabetic Association, 1995. Turner, R.C. , Holman, R.R. , Cull, C.A. et Al ( 1998 ) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional intervention and hazard of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes ( UKPDS 33 ) . Lancet 352 ( 9131 ) , 837-853. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group ( 1998 ) Tight blood force per unit area control and hazard of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. British Medical Journal 317 ( 7160 ) , 703-713. Working together to pull off diabetes – a usher for druggists, chiropodists, optomotrists and dental professionals. 2004 The National Diabetes Education Program.

Free Essays on Civil War Reconstruction

Over the last 138 years, we as a nation have fumbled with the notion of freedmen and their role in society after the Civil War. Until the civil rights movement we looked back on Lincoln’s legacy of Reconstruction carried out by President Johnson as a noble step towards a truly free society. Until the mid 1900s it was clear who were the instigators and supporters of the Reconstruction. Andrew Johnson’s clear and â€Å"brave battle† towards Reconstruction targeted the carpetbaggers and the scalawags as corrupt people who took advantage of a devastated southern economy. I suppose they assumed after a time of war, it is wrong to pursue capitalism and opportunity (carpetbaggers) and see the potential of a new open opportunistic government (scalawags). Their egos and status clouded the vision of our government from seeing black people as they are-equal citizens of earth. Whites thought of them as children who couldn’t handle the complexity of co-running our government, when in fact we couldn’t handle or maybe were even a little intimidated by the complexity and potential of our African American brothers. It’s not surprising that the loudest voice of the time, our government, won the support bred from white propaganda that everything will be fine and the black man is free and happy. As unfair as it sounds, it took our black community nearly seventy-five years to gain the status and respect, making them a credible source of what the reconstruction really meant to blacks. In 1935, a black historian and activist by the name of W.E.B. Du Bois produced and released his view, the African American view, on what the Reconstruction Era really entailed. He entitled his book Black Reconstruction in America. Although his book was ignored by most historians, this was just the foundation of the social change that was to occur in the next five decades. If we could go back in time and ask a white politician the political status of the b... Free Essays on Civil War Reconstruction Free Essays on Civil War Reconstruction In the years between 1860 and 1877 the citizens of the southern United States were faced with numerous social and constitutional issues that had been escalating for many years. With the Civil War and the issues of slavery and racism becoming very imminent, America was on the verge of major social and constitutional revolutions. The way these issues were handled would have a major impact on the United States as it is today. The secession of the southern states and the forming of the Confederacy brought about the first major constitutional change. The south felt that they needed to form the Confederacy because they felt that their states’ rights were being imposed upon by the Federal government (Doc. A). The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 became one of the most important constitutional changes in that it freed the slaves in the 11 states of the Confederacy. Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction of the south was the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, which he instituted in 1864. He did this because he wanted the south to rejoin the Union. His plan was well liked in the south because it did not give blacks the right to vote and it only required a 10% loyalty oath vote. Tennessee was the first state to accept Lincoln’s plan and rejoin the Union. Later that same year, Congress had a response to Lincoln’s plan that was known as the Wade Davis Bill. Included in the Wade Davis Bill was a 50% loyalty oath vote and slavery was to be outlawed. It was required that state conventions were held, where new state constitutions were written. Soldiers and high-ranking military officers were not allowed to be part of the state conventions. This bill was given to President Lincoln right before Congress was to be recessed for the season. Lincoln did not immediately accept or veto the Wade Davis Bill, but he held onto it until after Congress had recessed, and this became known as the infamous â€Å"pocket veto.† The 13th and ... Free Essays on Civil War Reconstruction Over the last 138 years, we as a nation have fumbled with the notion of freedmen and their role in society after the Civil War. Until the civil rights movement we looked back on Lincoln’s legacy of Reconstruction carried out by President Johnson as a noble step towards a truly free society. Until the mid 1900s it was clear who were the instigators and supporters of the Reconstruction. Andrew Johnson’s clear and â€Å"brave battle† towards Reconstruction targeted the carpetbaggers and the scalawags as corrupt people who took advantage of a devastated southern economy. I suppose they assumed after a time of war, it is wrong to pursue capitalism and opportunity (carpetbaggers) and see the potential of a new open opportunistic government (scalawags). Their egos and status clouded the vision of our government from seeing black people as they are-equal citizens of earth. Whites thought of them as children who couldn’t handle the complexity of co-running our government, when in fact we couldn’t handle or maybe were even a little intimidated by the complexity and potential of our African American brothers. It’s not surprising that the loudest voice of the time, our government, won the support bred from white propaganda that everything will be fine and the black man is free and happy. As unfair as it sounds, it took our black community nearly seventy-five years to gain the status and respect, making them a credible source of what the reconstruction really meant to blacks. In 1935, a black historian and activist by the name of W.E.B. Du Bois produced and released his view, the African American view, on what the Reconstruction Era really entailed. He entitled his book Black Reconstruction in America. Although his book was ignored by most historians, this was just the foundation of the social change that was to occur in the next five decades. If we could go back in time and ask a white politician the political status of the b...

Free Essays on Nazi Art

Nazi Germany regulated and controlled the art produced between 1933 and 1945 to ensure they embodied the values they wished to indoctrinate into the German people. The notion of ‘volk’ (people) and ‘blut und boden’ (soil and blood) was championed in paintings to glorify an idealized rural Germany and instill a sense of ‘superiority’ in the Nordic physicality. Highly veristic and asthetisized works romanticized everyday subjects and reiterated redundant stereotyped Nazi ideals of the human body and its purposes in the Reich. Paintings of Adolf Hitler valorized and his image to heroic status, even to the extent of deification, elevating him to a god-like status. By promoting Hitler as superior to the average person, the artist made Hitler a mythological being who, if followed with unconditional religious piety, would lead the Germanic race to an ideal future. The architecture, or so-called ‘ideology in stone’, was also a vessel for po litical ideology. The monumental buildings served to construct a pseudo-history to authenticate the stable, strong and righteous nature of the ‘thousand year Reich’. Thus, art in the Third Reich was merely a form of propaganda that insidiously promoted the superiority of the Nordic race, the need for loyalty and obedience and the invulnerability of the German nation. Images of the Nordic peasant endorsed a return to a pre-industrial idyllic rural Germany. The oil painting ‘Kalenberg Farm Family’, by Adolf Wissel, depicts an intimate domestic situation of a family relaxing, presumably after a day of ‘working the land’, in a tranquil natural setting. It is an easily accessible work, that the Dadaist Duchamp would label ‘retinal art’, as it is an aesthetically motivated and stylistically anti-modernist piece. The rich warm colours are inviting, serving to emphasize the serenity and timelessness of the scene. The composition is extreme ly ordered, controlled, and dignified, there is... Free Essays on Nazi Art Free Essays on Nazi Art Nazi Germany regulated and controlled the art produced between 1933 and 1945 to ensure they embodied the values they wished to indoctrinate into the German people. The notion of ‘volk’ (people) and ‘blut und boden’ (soil and blood) was championed in paintings to glorify an idealized rural Germany and instill a sense of ‘superiority’ in the Nordic physicality. Highly veristic and asthetisized works romanticized everyday subjects and reiterated redundant stereotyped Nazi ideals of the human body and its purposes in the Reich. Paintings of Adolf Hitler valorized and his image to heroic status, even to the extent of deification, elevating him to a god-like status. By promoting Hitler as superior to the average person, the artist made Hitler a mythological being who, if followed with unconditional religious piety, would lead the Germanic race to an ideal future. The architecture, or so-called ‘ideology in stone’, was also a vessel for po litical ideology. The monumental buildings served to construct a pseudo-history to authenticate the stable, strong and righteous nature of the ‘thousand year Reich’. Thus, art in the Third Reich was merely a form of propaganda that insidiously promoted the superiority of the Nordic race, the need for loyalty and obedience and the invulnerability of the German nation. Images of the Nordic peasant endorsed a return to a pre-industrial idyllic rural Germany. The oil painting ‘Kalenberg Farm Family’, by Adolf Wissel, depicts an intimate domestic situation of a family relaxing, presumably after a day of ‘working the land’, in a tranquil natural setting. It is an easily accessible work, that the Dadaist Duchamp would label ‘retinal art’, as it is an aesthetically motivated and stylistically anti-modernist piece. The rich warm colours are inviting, serving to emphasize the serenity and timelessness of the scene. The composition is extreme ly ordered, controlled, and dignified, there is...

Chemical Structures Chemistry Images

Chemical Structures Chemistry Images Find chemistry photos and pictures, including molecular structures, images of glassware, gemstones, safety signs, elements, and famous scientists. Chemical Structures  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alphabetical Index of Molecular Structures - A through Z index of molecular structures.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Functional Groups - Functional groups are groups of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions in organic chemistry.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Molecular Geometry - Three-dimensional ball-and-stick representations of VSEPR molecular geometry configurations.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amino Acids - Molecular structures of twenty natural amino acids.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemical Reactions - Diagrams of molecules in chemical reactions.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drugs - Molecular structures and photographs of legal and illegal drugs.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Steroids - Molecular structures and photographs of the steroid hormones.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vitamins - Molecular structures of the vitamins. Elements  Ã‚  Ã‚  Element Photo Gallery - Photos of the chemical elements, primarily public domain.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elements in the Human Body - Photos of elements in the body, with descriptions of the biochemical role of the elements.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Printable Periodic Table - This is a collection of different periodic tables that you can save and print. Crystals, Minerals Gemstones  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crystal Lattices - Diagrams of the Bravais crystal lattices or space lattices.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crystal Photo Gallery - Photos of crystals. Some are natural minerals and others are crystals that you can grow yourself.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mineral Photo Gallery - Photos of minerals. Some are in their native state. Others are polished mineral specimens.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Snow and Snowflake Photo Gallery - Water crystals are absolutely beautiful!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sugar Crystals Rock Candy - Images of sucrose, sugar, and rock candy.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emerald Hollow Mine - Photographs of the sluice and creek at the Emerald Hollow Mine in Hiddenite, NC, plus pictures of some of the minerals and gems found there.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hawaii Chemistry - A look at the geochemistry of Hawaii, including volcanoes and the different types of sand on the beaches. Photos of People  Ã‚  Ã‚  Famous Chemists - Photographs of scientists, inventors, and engineers who made important contributions to the field of chemistry.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Photos of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women in Chemistry - Photos of women who made discoveries or contributions to chemistry. Signs Symbols  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alchemy Symbols - Gallery of alchemy symbols for the elements and other matter.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety Signs - Collection of safety signs that you can print for your own use. Glassware Instruments  Ã‚  Ã‚  Glassware - Photographs of glassware with descriptions of how the pieces are used.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lab Equipment Instruments - Collection of photographs of different scientific instruments.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug Paraphernalia - Items used for using or concealing illegal drugs. Other Chemistry Images  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alchemy - Learn more about alchemy and the history of chemistry.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nuclear Tests - This photo gallery showcases nuclear tests and other atomic explosions.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Science Projects - See how science projects look, then learn how to do them yourself.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Periodic Tables - Collection of different types of periodic tables of the elements.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fire Flames - Fire and flames are the visible result of combustion. Heres a look at some fire, flames, and pyrotechnics.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dry Ice Projects - This is a collection of photos of dry ice and science projects you can do using dry ice.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Free Science Fair Project Pictures - This is a collection of images that you can use for your science fair project.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fluorescence Phosphorescence - Photos and descriptions of fluorescence and phosphorescence.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lightning Plasma Photo Gallery - Photos of lightning and other electrical discharges as well as natural and manma de examples of plasma.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Science Clipart - Collection of science clipart in gif format.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Science Pictures s of different types of luminescence and materials that glow in the dark.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spectra Spectroscopy - These are spectra and images that relate to spectroscopy.

Accounting and Finance Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Accounting and Finance - Speech or Presentation Example With the increasing globalisation when every country can be seen as an opportunity for the investors the lack of understanding of effective corporate governance can adversely effect the investment intentions of investors.Nowadays corporate governance is seen as the key of attracting investors. Capital flow seems directed towards the companies, which practice fair and transparent ways of governing their organisations. With the changing global business scenario the need of understanding and effective practise of fair and technologically advance corporate governance has also increased. In my speech I will first explain the notion of Corporate Governance then we will have a brief overview of the development of corporate governance codes in the UK and the adaptation of similar codes in the EU.ICAEW (2002) has explained corporate governance in a very effective and comprehensive manner as " Corporate governance is commonly referred to as a system by which organisations are directed and cont rolled. It is the process by which company objectives are established, achieved and monitored. Corporate governance is concerned with the relationships and responsibilities between the board, management, shareholders and other relevant stakeholders within a legal and regulatory framework."There are no hard and fast rules for corporate governance, which can be prescribed for all the countries. ... Accountability of the board to shareholders who have the right to receive information on the financial stewardship of their investment and exercise power to reward or remove the directors entrusted to run the company. Transparency of clear information with which meaningful analysis of a company and its actions can be made. The disclosure of financial and operational information and internal processes of management oversight and control enable outsiders to understand the organisation. Fairness that all shareholders are treated equally and have the opportunity for redress for violation of their rights. According to Meigs et al. (1999) this information meets the needs of users of the information-investors. Creditors, managers, and so on-and support many kinds of financial decision performance evaluation and capital allocation, among others. (P.07) Owen (2001) traces the history of the structure of the British financial system that was shaped by the form which industrialisation took in the 18th and 19th centuries. Following legislative changes in mid-century - principally the Joint Stock Companies Act of 1844 and the Limited Liability Act of 1855 - a growing number of Industrial firms converted themselves from partnerships into limited companies. Some of them remained private, while others chose to have their shares listed, either on one of the provincial stock exchanges or in London. Since than till the decade of decade of 1980s, there was no specific development in the field of Corporate Governance in UK. Tricker (1984) mentioned the same fact as, "In the past there seemed a, no demand for independent supervision or disclosure, no intervention in matters

Research report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Report - Research Paper Example In order to identify the factors that were affecting salesperson loyalty are investigated in this study. The marketing research problem for this study is to determine which intrinsic, and extrinsic factors motivate employees to remain loyal and dedicated to the workplace for a long period. The target population for the research is employees working as salespersons in the different aircraft companies to gain their views about the factors affecting their loyalty. The use of convenience sampling is made to select research participants for the study (Ryan, William, & Theeoblad, 2009). The reason to opt for convenience sampling is because of lack of time and availability to the researcher to reach each of the salesperson working at Boeing. The sample size of 1000 male and female salespersons is selected as research participants. The researcher has selected sale-persons specifically from aircraft companies with different working experience, age, income and educational background. The researcher made use of e-mailed survey questionnaires to gather information from the participants about the factors affecting loyalty to the workplace. The questionnaires were sent to the personal email address of participants (Tuck & McKenzie, 2014). The researcher made use of close-ended questions. The questionnaire was used to gather demographic features of the sample, as well as multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors influencing employee loyalty to an organization. The responses were gathered using a Likert scale. On the basis of descriptive statistics, it can be noted that the majority of the males were working as a salesperson. There were 52.20% of male and 47.8% of female. When the respondents were asked about their highest level of education the results indicated that 31% were some college graduates, 25.3% were college graduate, 24.3% high school

Workplace bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Workplace bullying - Essay Example Subsequently, effects in the wider community can include lower production, early retirements and an increase in the costs of health care services. Globally, nations are implementing laws to promote dignity within the workplace, and to ban a range of forms of workplace harassment (Giga & Hoel, 2004). However, actual research of how best to ascertain the presence and degree of workplace bullying within an organisation remains contentious. This paper will explore the suitability of using survey instruments to understand the organisational context of workplace bullying. First the background of workplace bullying shall be outlined. Second a literature review of survey instruments used shall be presented, with a focus on the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ). Strengths and weaknesses of the survey instrument shall also be identified. The conclusion will resolve the question of survey question suitability, and also provide recommendations for future research. There are various forms of workplace bullying that can be broadly categorized into two main types: 1) work-related and 2) person-related. Work-related bullying is indicated by constant criticism, not being provided with information, and excessive monitoring. Person-related bullying can include being subject to insults, teasing, false allegations, rumors, social exclusion, humiliation and or intimidation (Einarsen & Hoel, 2001; Knott, 2004). Bullying, whether in the workplace or elsewhere, is about power in social relationships, or more specifically, power differences (Hoel & Cooper, 2000). Within the workplace, bullying may also be referred to as mobbing, workplace aggression, petty tyranny or victimization (Aquino, Grover, Bradfield & Allen, 1999). Ultimately, workplace bullying is repetitive, persists over time, and results in a hostile work environment (Hoel & Cooper, 2000).The antecedents to workplace bullying vary across organisations and departments within organisations, howev er, studies point to the values of the organisational culture, the representation of these values in policies, and the roles, and task demands of employees as primary factors (Hoel & Cooper, 2000). The direct consequence of workplace bullying has been shown to be increased stress and negative responses from some employees (Giga & Hoel, 2004). Conceptual issues of how to define and measure workplace bullying in order to understand it are dominant research areas currently (Knott, 2004). Studies show that a failure to address issues of workplace bullying places organisations at risk of increasing costs due to sick leave, compensation and a tarnished public image (Hoel & Cooper, 2000). Literature suggests a focus on the psychosocial aspects of the workplace as potential antecedents and prevention variables (Einarsen, Hoel, Zapf & Cooper, 2003). There is a current emphasis on the use of survey instruments to identify and measure bullying within the workplace adequately account for the or ganisational context. However there is a lack of literature exploring the efficiency

Contract Manufacturing in the Pharmaceutical Industry Essay - 3

Contract Manufacturing in the Pharmaceutical Industry - Essay Example The basic principles of business economics demand that an entity tries to manufacture goods or provide services at the lowest possible cost to itself while benefitting from the gain in net revenue after sale or completion of service. For this reason alone, the concept of outsourcing is hard to concretely define (Goddard & Ajami, 2008). The skeptics of the process see it as a migration of tasks performed by the local workforce to a workforce in another country, where the tasks can be performed at a lower overall cost to the organization. But Scholte (2005) defines it as a process of international economic integration, where the strengths of two national economies combine to benefit each other. The reasoning that underlines this definition is that outsourcing allows an entity to place its focus on the things that it is stronger or better at while delegating the tasks and/or responsibilities that are costing it time and resources from the primary tasks to another entity that is stronger on those accounts. This means that each entity can now focus on the core tasks which come within their strengths, and thus, benefit the final outcome for both. Thus, to put it in economic terms, the process of outsourcing provides comparative advantage to each entity in some way or form.  The process of contract manufacturing is simi lar to that of outsourcing, in recent years is more associated with the pharmaceutical industry specifically (Gassman et al, 2008). It relates to a working agreement that is reached between two organizations, whereby one becomes the manufacturing arm of the complete process. This means that the client organization hands over the entire process of sourcing raw materials, hiring labor, producing the goods, as well as the ordering and shipment tasks, to the partner organization, allowing it to focus on other activities within its industry sector.  

Acme Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acme - Coursework Example In the plan, they will be required to establish the breakdown of the available financial resources. The planners will also be required to establish the number of workers required for each category. They will also determine the order in which the activities of the project will be undertaken in order to deliver the project within the specified time. Obtaining the necessary legal documents- the legal department should ensure that they obtain the necessary legal documents to allow the project to proceed. This is importance to ensure that the project does not become a white elephant. The department should also ensure that it provides the authorities with all the required information and documents. Construction- this includes laying the foundation, construction of walls, floors and the roof of the structures i.e. the garage and the store. The constructor should pave and landscape. Installation of electrical appliances and plumbing should be covered at this stage. The construction should adhere to the rules and practices of Mexicans. They should also bear in mind the company’s policy on building. Hiring and training- at this point, the HR department, should recruit the all the required employees for the store. The department should also ensure that a successful training program is undertaken for those who are successful in the recruitment stage. These processes must be conducted in line with the company’s policy on both recruitment and training. Inventory- after successful completion of the buildings and training program the company should stock the store awaiting its opening. The inventory shall be arranged in accordance to the company’s practice. Given the average size of the company’s store, the company will invest financial resources to the tune of seventeen million dollars to undertake all the above activities. However, this amount of money does not cover the cost of the inventory but covers the cost of labor employed during the process. About

Design and analysis of lean maufacturing Case Study

Design and analysis of lean maufacturing - Case Study Example The reputation for quality is what keeps Elba afloat with a select base of customers, albeit with those customers increasingly coming from remote areas relative to the location of the plant. It is the remoteness of the current remaining customer base that has caused the company to incur a growing cost base in inventory as well as in distribution. These two items have grown by 12 percent and 10 percent respectively over the past three years. In absolute terms too, distribution has come to almost equal labor costs and has come to account for the second largest share of costs after labor, and only marginally smaller than labor costs at $11.1 million. Inventory costs, meanwhile, have come to equal materials costs, and with the rate of growth of inventory costs is poised to overtake materials costs. On the other hand, the move to Southeast Asia would chop 30 percent from distribution costs, and 60 percent from labor costs. Assuming all other costs remain the same, that would translate to savings of about $7 million in labor costs yearly and $3.33 million in distribution costs per year. Given though that clients are distributed in equal measure by volume outside of Asia, there might be minimal to no savings in distribution costs. ... It is likely that Elba will lose more customers with the move, and may continue to suffer from a profit squeeze as they lose the quality differentiation. The question is whether this planned move is wise, or whether a justification can be made to retain the plant that does not entail preserving the status quo but going about rejuvenating the product lines and making use of the available skilled and experienced talent to innovate and come up with higher-margin products (â€Å"Case Study 4.8 Elba Electronics† 128-129). II. Background Information From a financial point of view, the current state of affairs at Elba Electronics is unsustainable, and is ripe for change. That, or the trajectory is for Elba to continually grow its costs for distribution and inventory and therefore go deeper in the red. Earnings have shrunk by five percent over the past three years, and is already thin as of the time of the planned closure of the plant. The move would significantly bolster margins by r educing the biggest cost items in labor and in distribution as stated in the case, by 60 percent and 30 percent respectively, The FCP seems to have established a good case for the plant closure, but their analysis also seems to suffer from a blindside, and that is with regard to the effect of the move on demand, and on margins. This is an opening that John James can analyze and exploit, to bolster the case for a different kind of plan that does not entail moving manufacturing to Southeast Asia but doubling down on innovation to produce higher margin products (â€Å"Case Study 4.8 Elba Electronics† 128-129). III. Problem Statement Does the move to Southeast Asia and the closure of the Elba plant justified by financial and non-financial considerations? How does

Acme Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acme - Coursework Example In the plan, they will be required to establish the breakdown of the available financial resources. The planners will also be required to establish the number of workers required for each category. They will also determine the order in which the activities of the project will be undertaken in order to deliver the project within the specified time. Obtaining the necessary legal documents- the legal department should ensure that they obtain the necessary legal documents to allow the project to proceed. This is importance to ensure that the project does not become a white elephant. The department should also ensure that it provides the authorities with all the required information and documents. Construction- this includes laying the foundation, construction of walls, floors and the roof of the structures i.e. the garage and the store. The constructor should pave and landscape. Installation of electrical appliances and plumbing should be covered at this stage. The construction should adhere to the rules and practices of Mexicans. They should also bear in mind the company’s policy on building. Hiring and training- at this point, the HR department, should recruit the all the required employees for the store. The department should also ensure that a successful training program is undertaken for those who are successful in the recruitment stage. These processes must be conducted in line with the company’s policy on both recruitment and training. Inventory- after successful completion of the buildings and training program the company should stock the store awaiting its opening. The inventory shall be arranged in accordance to the company’s practice. Given the average size of the company’s store, the company will invest financial resources to the tune of seventeen million dollars to undertake all the above activities. However, this amount of money does not cover the cost of the inventory but covers the cost of labor employed during the process. About

Economic Development in Kenya Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Development in Kenya - Assignment Example It will also lead to the digitization of the Kenyan education system, where every pupil in Kenya will receive the same quality of education be it in private or public schools and finally Kenyans technological knowledge will increase immensely, and in the future Kenyans might produce one of the best IT innovative gurus, such as Bill Gates or Steve Jobs. Therefore, with this project in mind, the hypothesis that would be tested by the RCT is whether the laptop project will improve the education quality in pupils from rural Kenya and make it at par with that of students learning in urban private schools. The randomized control trials, in this case, will be identifying two schools one from rural Kenya, where there are minimal facilities and learning is a very cumbersome task for its pupils (treatment group). The other school will be from urban Kenya, where facilities are in plenty, and the learning institution has everything it needs to make learning a sweet and enjoyable experience for its students, (control group). The target population will be all pupils joining class one in both schools, where the students in the rural school, will be provided with laptops that have been loaded with adequate learning material and a well-defined syllabus. The same syllabus will be the one student from the urban school will be studying as well, the rural school will also have teachers that will help the students understand how to use and retrieve the information they want from the laptops. After the RCT is implemented, a series of tests will be administered to both the treatment group and the contro l group, where our intended outcome is that the treatment group will perform equally as the control group if not better. Our hypothesis is whether the laptop project will improve the education quality in pupils from rural Kenya and make it at par with that  of students learning in urban private schools.  

Economic Impacts of Minimum Wage Increase Essay Example for Free

Economic Impacts of Minimum Wage Increase Essay The Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 increased the minimum wage of $5. 15 per hour to $7. 15 per hour. It is believed that an increase in the minimum wage will not create negative implications on jobs, employment and inflation. Rather, wage increase legislated in the past three decades have made the most positive impacts in the economy, as the economy experienced the strongest growth during these times, and at the same time has generated more jobs. In contrast, when the minimum wage was held at a stagnant rate, fewer jobs have been created (Democrats Discuss†¦). Moreover, wages held at the minimum level translates to lower productivity level. In addition, states that are based on the minimum wage rates suffer from the high occurrence of unemployment. This is true in the case of Virginia, Wyoming and Hawaii; wherein the wages were kept in the minimum level which resulted to high percentage of unemployment. In addition to this, the increase in the unemployment rate is translated to changes in the GDP. According to economist Arthur Khon, every 1% increase in unemployment rate, the GDP falls by 2.5-3%. Therefore, if the wage rate is always kept at a minimum level, the tendency that unemployment rate will rise also increases, thus it creates a negative effect towards the country’s GDP (Mackenzie). Therefore, an increase in the minimum wage rate will have direct effects in the economy. First, it will translate in the increase of productivity level of the workers, it will also improve the buying power of the consumers and it will lessen the unemployment rate – all of which will have a positive rise in the GDP of the country.

Comparing the Restricted and Non-restricted Carbohydrate Diet Essay

Comparing the Restricted and Non-restricted Carbohydrate Diet I compared the physiological, psychological, and physical responses in restricted-carbohydrate diets and non-restricted carbohydrate diets. These comparisons are found in various studies summarized into a comparison article written by Brian D. Butki, Jeffrey Baumstark, and Simon Driver called Effects of a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet on Affective Responses to Acute Exercise Among Physically Active Participants. Throughout the studies compared in the article, subjects who participated as a restricted or low-carbohydrate dieter consumed meals with 20 grams of carbohydrates per day whereas subjects who participated as a non-restricted carbohydrate dieter were allowed to consume 250 grams per day (the recommended amount suggested by the Food and Drug Administration). Both types of participants were evaluated for their physiological responses (such as the amount of energy the body is able to produce from their diet), their psychological responses (such as assessment of their mood), and t heir physical response (such as their ability to do physical activity). The results collected from various studies in this article suggest that the diet directly influences the way the body responds physiologically, psychologically, and physically especially when one is exercising to lose weight. The amount of energy the body produces depends on the amount of energy-producing foods consumed; these are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. However these types of energy-providing foods also contain the most calories which can turn into stored fat when not all of it is burned off as energy. Therefore the way that the body uses the carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is what scientists try... ...y affect the psychological response. The significant reports of negative emotions caused by the imbalance between carbohydrates and fats seems to affect the area of the brain where the hypothalamus is located also seems to be associated with the fatigue and nausea—symptoms of hypoglycemia. The result of the comparison between a restricted-carbohydrate diet and a non-restricted carbohydrate diet shows how manipulations of the diet can affect a number of the important anatomical systems. Works Cited Butki, Brain D., Jeffrey Baumstark, and Simon Driver (2003). Effects of a carbohydrate- Restricted Diet on Affective Responses to Acute Exercise among Physically Active Participants’. Journal of Perceptual Motor Skills, 96 (2), 607-615. Grosvenor, Mary B. and Lori A. Smolin. Nutrition: From Science to Life. Orlando, FL: Harcourt College Publishers, 2002.

A Good Man Is Hard To Find Essay -- essays research papers

"A Good Man is Hard to Find": The Grandmother's Grace Flannery O'Connor's "A Good Man is Hard to Find" tells the metaphorical tale of a family's fatal confrontation with The Misfit, an escaped serial killer. The incidents and characters throughout the story are aspects of a plot intending to symbolize the spiritual grace passed from one human to another, without regard for kindness or evil. The prominent character in O'Connor's story is the grandmother, who embodies this grace. By including imperfections in the development of the grandmother's character, O'Connor shows the indiscriminatory property of grace she possesses. The grandmother is the most developed character of the story. She contains several traits that coincide with the stereotypical elderly southern woman. Some of her notions are bizarre and trivial, and ignored by her family, such as the possible attack by The Misfit, a trip to Tennessee instead of Florida, and a fear of feline asphyxiation. John Wesley and June Star have little if any respect for their paternal grandmother. "She has to go everywhere we go," whines June Star (194). The grandmother also dresses immaculately, even for a car trip, simply because in an accident "anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady" (194). She calls attention to pointless details such as mileage, the speed of the car, and scenic road-side attr...

Deception Point Page 36

â€Å"Jesus Christ!† Norah shook the device and looked again. â€Å"Damn it! Something's got to be wrong with this refractometer!† â€Å"Saltwater?† Corky gloated. Norah frowned. â€Å"Partial. It's registering three percent brine-which is totally impossible. This glacier is a snow pack. Pure freshwater. There should be no salt.† Norah carried the sample to a nearby microscope and examined it. She groaned. â€Å"Plankton?† Tolland asked. â€Å"G. polyhedra,† she replied, her voice now sedate. â€Å"It's one of the planktons we glaciologists commonly see in the oceans under ice shelves.† She glanced over at Tolland. â€Å"They're dead now. Obviously they didn't survive long in a three percent saltwater environment.† The four of them stood in silence a moment beside the deep shaft. Rachel wondered what the ramifications of this paradox were for the overall discovery. The dilemma appeared minor when compared to the overall scope of the meteorite, and yet, as an intel analyst, Rachel had witnessed the collapse of entire theories based on smaller snags than this. â€Å"What's going on over here?† The voice was a low rumble. Everyone looked up. The bearish frame of the NASA administrator emerged from the dark. â€Å"Minor quandary with the water in the shaft,† Tolland said. â€Å"We're trying to sort it out.† Corky sounded almost gleeful. â€Å"Norah's ice data is screwed.† â€Å"Bite me twice,† Norah whispered. The administrator approached, his furry eyebrows lowering. â€Å"What's wrong with the ice data.† Tolland heaved an uncertain sigh. â€Å"We're showing a three percent saltwater mix in the meteorite shaft, which contradicts the glaciology report that the meteorite was encased in a pristine freshwater glacier.† He paused. â€Å"There's also plankton present.† Ekstrom looked almost angry. â€Å"Obviously that's impossible. There are no fissures in this glacier. The PODS scans confirmed that. This meteorite was sealed in a solid matrix of ice.† Rachel knew Ekstrom was correct. According to NASA's density scans, the ice sheet was rock solid. Hundreds of feet of frozen glacier on all sides of the meteorite. No cracks. And yet as Rachel imagined how density scans were taken, a strange thought occurred to her†¦ â€Å"In addition,† Ekstrom was saying, â€Å"Dr. Mangor's core samples confirmed the solidity of the glacier.† â€Å"Exactly!† Norah said, tossing the refractometer on a desk. â€Å"Double corroboration. No fault lines in the ice. Which leaves us no explanation whatsoever for the salt and plankton.† â€Å"Actually,† Rachel said, the boldness of her voice surprising even herself. â€Å"There is another possibility.† The brainstorm had hit her from the most unlikely of memories. Everyone was looking at her now, their skepticism obvious. Rachel smiled. â€Å"There's a perfectly sound rationale for the presence of salt and plankton.† She gave Tolland a wry look. â€Å"And frankly, Mike, I'm surprised it didn't occur to you.† 42 â€Å"Plankton frozen in the glacier?† Corky Marlinson sounded not at all sold on Rachel's explanation. â€Å"Not to rain on your parade, but usually when things freeze they die. These little buggers were flashing us, remember?† â€Å"Actually,† Tolland said, giving Rachel an impressed look, â€Å"she may have a point. There are a number of species that enter suspended animation when their environment requires it. I did an episode on that phenomenon once.† Rachel nodded. â€Å"You showed northern pike that got frozen in lakes and had to wait until the thaw to swim away. You also talked about micro-organisms called ‘waterbears' that became totally dehydrated in the desert, remained that way for decades, and then reinflated when rains returned.† Tolland chuckled. â€Å"So you really do watch my show?† Rachel gave a slightly embarrassed shrug. â€Å"What's your point, Ms. Sexton?† Norah demanded. â€Å"Her point,† Tolland said, â€Å"which should have dawned on me earlier, is that one of the species I mentioned on that program was a kind of plankton that gets frozen in the polar ice cap every winter, hibernates inside the ice, and then swims away every summer when the ice cap thins.† Tolland paused. â€Å"Granted the species I featured on the show was not the bioluminescent species we saw here, but maybe the same thing happened.† â€Å"Frozen plankton,† Rachel continued, excited to have Michael Tolland so enthusiastic about her idea, â€Å"could explain everything we're seeing here. At some point in the past, fissures could have opened in this glacier, filled with plankton-rich saltwater, and then refroze. What if there were frozen pockets of saltwater in this glacier? Frozen saltwater containing frozen plankton? Imagine if while you were raising the heated meteorite through the ice, it passed through a frozen saltwater pocket. The saltwater ice would have melted, releasing the plankton from hibernation, and giving us a small percentage of salt mixed in the freshwater.† â€Å"Oh, for the love of God!† Norah exclaimed with a hostile groan. â€Å"Suddenly everyone's a glaciologist!† Corky also looked skeptical. â€Å"But wouldn't PODS have spotted any brine ice pockets when it did its density scans? After all, brine ice and freshwater ice have different densities.† â€Å"Barely different,† Rachel said. â€Å"Four percent is a substantial difference,† Norah challenged. â€Å"Yes, in a lab,† Rachel replied. â€Å"But PODS takes its measurements from 120 miles up in space. Its computers were designed to differentiate between the obvious-ice and slush, granite and limestone.† She turned to the administrator. â€Å"Am I right to assume that when PODS measures densities from space, it probably lacks the resolution to distinguish brine ice from fresh ice?† The administrator nodded. â€Å"Correct. A four percent differential is below PODS's tolerance threshold. The satellite would see brine ice and fresh ice as identical.† Tolland now looked intrigued. â€Å"This would also explain the static water level in the shaft.† He looked at Norah. â€Å"You said the plankton species you saw in the extraction shaft was called-â€Å" â€Å"G. polyhedra, Norah declared. â€Å"And now you're wondering if G. polyhedra is capable of hibernating inside the ice? You'll be pleased to know the answer is yes. Absolutely. G. polyhedra is found in droves around ice shelves, it bioluminesces, and it can hibernate inside the ice. Any other questions?† Everyone exchanged looks. From Norah's tone, there was obviously some sort of â€Å"but†-and yet it seemed she had just confirmed Rachel's theory. â€Å"So,† Tolland ventured, â€Å"you're saying it's possible, right? This theory makes sense?† â€Å"Sure,† Norah said, â€Å"if you're totally retarded.† Rachel glared. â€Å"I beg your pardon?† Norah Mangor locked stares with Rachel. â€Å"I imagine in your business, a little bit of knowledge is a dangerous thing? Well, trust me when I tell you that the same holds true for glaciology.† Norah's eyes shifted now, looking at each of the four people around her. â€Å"Let me clarify this for everyone once and for all. The frozen brine pockets that Ms. Sexton has proposed do occur. They are what glaciologists call interstices. Interstices, however, form not as pockets of saltwater but rather as highly branched networks of brine ice whose tendrils are as wide as a human hair. That meteorite would have had to pass through one hell of a dense series of interstices to release enough saltwater to create a three percent mixture in a pool that deep.†

Coke Marketing Plan

Table of Contents Executive Summary6 Situation Analysis7 History of the Product/Brand8 Market Analysis9 Product Evaluation10 Competitor Analysis12 Marketing Objectives13 Marketing Strategies16 Selecting Target Market17 Developing the Marketing Mix18 Product Strategy19 Pricing Strategy20 Placing and Distribution22 Promotion Strategy23 Evaluation, Monitoring and Control24 Monitoring and Controlling26 Sales Analysis27 Market Share Evaluation27 Marketing Profitability Analysis27 Market Research27 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Giant soft drink company Coca-Cola has come under intense scrutiny by the investors due to its inability to effectively carry out its marketing program. Consequently it is seeking the help of new Marketing Company to develop a professional marketing plan which will help the business to achieve its objectives more effectively and efficiently, and regain their iron fist supremacy on the soft drink industry. When establishing a new marketing plan every aspect of the marketing plan must be critically examined and thoroughly researched. This consists of following four major areas: †¢ Situation Analysis †¢ Marketing Objectives Market Strategies †¢ Implementation, Evaluation, Monitoring and Control Once Coca-Cola will have carefully analyzed these areas and have examined the industry in general the most suitable marketing strategies will be selected and ‘external threats and opportunities’ will be monitored and internal efficiency will be revised accordingly. SIT UATION ANALYSIS HISTORY OF THE PRODUCT / BRAND The organization that we have selected is The Coca-Cola Company which is â€Å"the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of soft drinks in the world† (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). The company offers over 400 products/brands in more than 200 countries (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). The product selected is their soft drink called Coca-Cola. Their mission statement and vision are given below: Mission everything we do is inspired by our enduring mission: †¢ To Refresh the World†¦ in body, mind, and spirit. †¢ To Inspire Moments of Optimism†¦ through our brands and our actions. †¢ To Create Value and Make a Difference†¦ everywhere we engage. (The Coca Cola Company 2007, Mission, Vision & Values) Vision To achieve sustainable growth, we have established a vision with clear goals. †¢ Profit: Maximizing return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. †¢ People: Being a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. †¢ Portfolio: Bringing to the world a portfolio of beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples’ desires and needs. †¢ Partners: Nurturing a winning network of partners and building mutual loyalty. †¢ Planet: Being a responsible global citizen that makes a difference. (The Coca Cola Company 2007, Mission, Vision & Values) MARKET ANALYSIS Changes occurring in the organization’s macro- and micro environments have revealed a number of risk factors that have an influence on Coca Colas business, sales and consumer acceptance. Firstly, increased awareness about health issues has given rise to obesity concerns in relation to the consumption of Coca Cola (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). This may reduce the product’s demand. Secondly, water which is a major ingredient of Coca-Cola is becoming a scarce commodity and its quality is deteriorating due to pollution etc. This can increase the products production costs (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). Thirdly, a major portion (approximately 83 % in 2006) of The Coca Cola Company’s business comes from its bottling partners to whom it sells its concentrates and syrups. Consequently, maintaining good relations with the bottling partners is essential for the business. The bottling partners financial situation also affects Coca Colas business (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). Increase in cost of energy(electricity, natural gas etc) and raw materials(high fructose corn syrup, sucrose etc) can have a negative impact on the product’s profits (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). Unfavorable political and economic conditions in the local as well as international markets can have an adverse effect on the company’s profits (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). Unfavorable weather conditions like unusually long spells of winter cold can decrease the demand for the product (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). PRODUCT EVALUATION Product Life cycle The product life cycle comprises of five stages: product development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline (Kotler et al. 2006, p. 314). Coca-Cola is currently in the maturity stage, which is evidenced primarily by the fact that they have a large, loyal group of stable customers. In this regard, Coke has the advantage of it’s establishment of a strong brand name. Furthermore, cost management, product differentiation and marketing have become more important as growth slows and market share becomes the key determinant of profitability. SWOT Analysis: SWOT stands for Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats. SWOT analysis is a technique that consists of examining the current activities of the organization- its Strengths and Weakness- and then using this and external research data to set out the Opportunities and Threats that exist. Strengths: Coca-Cola has been a vital part of world culture for a very long time. The product's image is loaded with over-romanticizing which has not failed to move people. The Coca-Cola image is displayed on a variety of items like T-shirts, hats etc. This extremely powerful branding is one of Coca-Cola's greatest strengths. Enjoyed more than 685 million times a day around the world Coca-Cola stands as a simple, yet powerful symbol of quality and enjoyment† (Allen, 1995). Coca Cola enjoys a large amount of customer acceptance as compared to it’s main competitors (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). Coca-Cola's bottling system is also one of their main strengths. I t enables them to conduct business on a global scale and at the same time maintain a local approach. The bottling companies are locally owned and operated by independent business people who have been authorized to sell products of the Coca-Cola Company. Coca Cola does not have outright ownership of its bottling network, its main source of revenue is the sale of concentrate to its bottlers (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). Weaknesses: Weaknesses for any business need to be both reduced and monitored in order to effectively achieve productivity and efficiency in their business. This applies to Coke as well. Although domestic business as well as many international markets are prospering (volumes in Latin America were up 12%), Coca-Cola has recently reported some â€Å"declines in unit case volumes in Indonesia and Thailand due to reduced consumer purchasing power. According to an article in Fortune magazine, â€Å"In Japan, unit case sales fell 3% in the second quarter [of 1998]†¦ scary because while Japan generates around 5% of worldwide volume, it contributes three times as much to profits. Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Japan account for about 35% of Coke's volume and none of these markets are performing to expectation. Coca-Cola on the other side has adverse effects on the teeth which causes health concerns among the consumers. It also has got sugar due to which continuous or excessive drinking of Coca-Cola can cause health problems like diabetes. Opportunities: Brand recognition is a vital factor affecting Coke's competitive position. Coca-Cola's brand name and reputation is well known across 94% of the globe. The major issue over the past few years has been to get this brand name introduced to as many emerging markets as possible. Changes in packaging have also affected sales and industry positioning, but on the whole the public has remained unaffected by the launch of new products. Coca-Cola's bottling system enhances the company’s prospects of growth opportunities around the world. This strategy gives Coke the opportunity to serve a large and diverse geographic market. Threats: At present, the threat of new competitors in the carbonated soft drink industry is not very substantial. On the other hand, the threat of substitutes is a very possible threat. The soft drink industry has a strong hold, but consumers have a lot of options available to them. Possible substitutes that continuously put pressure on both Pepsi and Coke include tea, coffee, juices, milk, and hot chocolate. This pressure has increased a lot during the last few years owing to increased health awareness. Even though Coca-Cola and Pepsi control nearly 40% of the entire beverage market, health concerns can adversely influence product demand. Of course, both Coke and Pepsi have already diversified into these markets, allowing them to have further significant market shares and offset any losses incurred due to fluctuations in the market. Consumer buying power is another key threat in the industry. The rivalry between Pepsi and Coke has produced a very slow moving industry in which management must be sensitive to and timely respond to the changing attitudes and demands of their consumers or risk losing market share to the competition. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS Coca Cola competes in the non-alcoholic beverages segment with various firms including PepsiCo Inc, Nestle, Cadbury Schweppes plc, Groupe Danone, Kraft Foods Inc etc (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). Specific beverages that Coca Cola competes with in Pakistan include Pepsi, RC Cola, Makka Cola and Amrat Cola. Competitive forces affecting Coca Cola’s business include pricing, advertising, product promotion programs, innovative ideas, production techniques, bottling, brand and trademark development and protection (The Coca Cola Company 2007, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K). MARKETING OBJECTIVES The marketing objectives section will indicate targets to be achieved across several marketing decision areas. The purposes of objectives include: †¢ To enable a company to control its marketing plan †¢ To help to motivate individuals and teams to reach a common goal †¢ To provide an agreed, consistent focus for all functions of an organization. (Kotler, Adam, Brown, & Armstrong, Priciples of Marketing, 2006) All objectives should follow criteria called SMART i. e. Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timed. (Johnson) Coca Cola Marketing Objectives: †¢ The goals and objectives that are set by the company are firstly to put the Coke the Classic segment back on the growth path. †¢ In terms of volume, the company wanted to sell 8 million 8 oz. cases and by the end of the previous year the company had actually sold 7 million cases, but the target was 6 million 8 oz cases. †¢ The distribution goal is to achieve 40% numeric Distribution within 4 weeks of re-launch, currently it is 35. 55%. †¢ And in terms of share, the goal was to get and regain 65% of market within one year. Currently it is 60% of the market share. †¢ The recent performance of the business unit has been impressive and the company wants the coming years to be even more beneficial. †¢ To survive the current market war between competitors †¢ To increase the size of the worldwide Coca Cola enterprise by 20%, currently it is 10%. †¢ To increase awareness of the product on the market by increasing advertising. †¢ To achieve a 30% return on capital employed by August next year, current return on capital is at 20%. (Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Company) MARKETING STRATEGIES SELECTING TARGET MARKET Target Market is defined as â€Å"A set of buyers haring common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve†. (Kotler, Adam, Brown, & Armstrong, 2006) Once the situation analysis has completed, and the marketing objectives determined then the company’s attention turns towards the target market. As we know that the soft drink market is very large, and a product cannot be for all the people, so the company must choose which of the market segments have the greatest potential for its products. The target market is where Coca-Cola focuses its marketing efforts as it feels this is where it will be most productive and successful. The target market for Coca-Cola is very wide as it satisfies the needs for many different consumers, ranging from the healthy diet conscious consumers through Diet Coke to the average human through its best selling drink regular Coke. Most Coke products satisfy all age groups as it is proven that most people of different age groups consume the Coca-Cola product. This market is relatively large and is open to both genders. A marketing organization can adopt one of the three market-coverage strategies: †¢ Un-Differential †¢ Differentiated †¢ Concentrated (Kotler, Adam, Brown, & Armstrong, 2006) The most apparent method used by Coca Cola is with no doubt the differentiated marketing method as Coke satisfies a range of different markets. Diet coke satisfy’s the weight consciousness, regular coke, sprite, fanta, coffee, iced tea etc for average user group. Each product of beverages satisfies a particular group of people. Differentiated Marketing is defined as â€Å"A market coverage strategy in which a marketing organization decides to target several market segments and designs separate offers for each†. (Kotler, Adam, Brown, & Armstrong, 2006) DEVELOPING THE MARKETING MIX The marketing mix is probably the most crucial stage of the marketing planning process. It is also known as the 4 Ps of marketing. In 1964 Neil H. Borden published his article â€Å"The Concept of Marketing Mix† after which this term became popularized. This is where the marketing tactics for each product are determined. The marketing mix refers to the combination of the four strategies: †¢ Product Strategy †¢ Price Strategy †¢ Place Strategy †¢ Promotion Strategy [pic] (NetMBA) The most successful businesses have continually monitored and changed their marketing mix due to internal and external factors. PRODUCT STRATEGY A product can be defined as â€Å"Anything that can be offered to the market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or a need. It includes physical objects, services,, persons, places, organizations and ideas†. Businesses must think about products on three different levels, which are: †¢ The Core Product †¢ The actual product †¢ The Augmented Product Coca Cola customers are buying a wide range of soft drinks. Consumers will buy the coke product because of the high standards and high quality of the Coca-Cola products. The Coca-Cola also offer a help line and complaint phone service for customers who are not satisfied with the product or wish to give feedback on the products. Positioning Positioning is the process of creating, the image the product holds in the mind of consumers, relative to competing products. Coca-Cola and Franklins both make soft drinks; although Franklins may try to compete they will still be seen as lower market from Coca-Cola. Positioning helps customers understand what is unique about the products when compared with the competition. Branding The popularity of the brand is often the deciding factor. Over the time Coca Cola has spent millions of dollars developing and promoting their brand name, resulting in worldwide recognition. ‘Coca-Cola' is the most recognized trademark, recognized by 94% of the world's population. (Coca-Cola, Our Herittage) PRICING STRATEGY Price is a very important factor in the marketing mix as it can affect both the supply and demand for Coca Cola. The price of Coca-Cola’s products is one of the most important factors in a customer’s decision to buy. Price will often be the difference that will drive a customer to buy the one product over another, as long as most things are about the same. For this reason pricing strategies need to be designed with consumers and external influences in mind, in order to effectively achieve a stable balance between sales and covering the production costs. Price strategies are important to Coca Cola because the price determines the amount of sales and profit per unit sold. Businesses have to set a price that is attractive to their customers and provides the business with a good level of profit. Long before a sale was ever made Coca Cola had developed a forecast of consumer demand at different prices which without doubt determined whether or not the product came in the market. The pricing strategy a business will use will have to focus on achieving the marketing plan’s objectives and support the positioning of the product, and take external factors such as economic conditions and competitors in to account. As customer loyalty has established with Coca-Cola, it can now slowly raise the price of its product. There has been a severe pricing competition between Coca-Cola and Pepsi products as each company competes for customer recognition and satisfaction. Till now it appears as if Coke has come up on top, although in order to gain long term profits Coke had to sacrifice short term profits where in some cases it either went under of just broke even, but as seen it has been all for the best. Pricing Methods There are four major pricing approaches that can be used. †¢ Cost-based Approach †¢ Buyer-based Approach †¢ Competition Approach †¢ Relationship Approach Kotler, Adam, Brown, & Armstrong, Priciples of Marketing, 2006) Over the years Coca-Cola has lost ground here in its pricing but has regained its strength as it employed the Competition-Based Pricing Method which allowed it to compete more effectively in the soft drink market. Now the Coca-Cola has become a market leader with loyal customers and some technological edge, thus the case currently with Coke, it was first the follower but through effective management has now become the leader of the market and is working towards achieving the marketing objectives of the Coca Cola. Survival in the market place, own 60 % of market share by 2007, increase further awareness of product and a return on 20% on capital are the current objectives for 2007†. (Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Company) PLACE AND DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY The place P of the marketing mix refers to distribution of the product i. e. the ways of getting the product to the market. The distribution of products starts with the producer and ends with the consumer. One key element of the Place/Distribution factor is the respective distribution channels that Coca-Cola has elected to transport and sell its product. Selecting the most appropriate distribution channel is important, as the choice will determine sales levels and costs. The choice for a distribution channel for any business depends on numerous factors, these include: †¢ How far away the customers are †¢ The type of product being transported †¢ The lead times required and †¢ The costs associated with transport There are four types of distribution strategies that Coca Cola could have chosen from, these are: intensive, selective, exclusive and direct distribution. It is apparent from the popularity of the Coca-Cola’s product n the market that the business in the past used the method of intensive distribution as the product is available at every possible outlet. From supermarkets to service stations to your local corner shop, anywhere you go you will find the Coca-Cola products. PROMOTION STRATEGY In today’s competitive environment, having the right product at the right place in the right place at the r ight time may still not be enough to be successful. Effective communication with the target market is essential for the success of the product and business. Promotion is the P of the marketing mix designed to inform the market about who the company is, how good the product is and where they can buy it. Promotion is also used to persuade the customers to try a new product, or buy more of an old product. The promotional strategy is the combination of personal selling, advertising, sales promotion and public relations that are used in its marketing plan. Now days as most of the target market is most likely to be exposed by media such as television, radio and magazines, Coca-Cola has used this as the main form of promotion for extensive range of products. Although advertising is usually very expensive, it is the most effective way of letting the customers to know about Coca-Cola Products. Coca-Cola also utilizes promotions such as contests, coupons, and free samples. These activities are an effective way of getting people to give the product a check. EVALUATION, MONITORING & CONTROL The goal of the marketing plan is to outline the strategies, tactics, and programs that will make the sales goals outlined in the coke business plan a reality by the end of the season. There are a number of Key Performance Indicators KPI’s that are needed for the measurement/evaluation of the performance they can be given as, The monthly and the annual revenue generation, then the amount of expenses incurred in a month or in a year, then the increased level of customer satisfaction and ensuring the brand loyalty. For complying with these scenarios the advertising efforts made by the company the strength of the distribution channels, the launch of the new products and the pricing will be measured. The possible increase in growth of the target market also depends on all these efforts made by coke. The people who are responsible for the monitoring and control of the marketing plan involves, the Marketing Executives, Sales Managers, Media Managers, Market Research Departments, and the Product Managers. Some activities must be carried out for precisely and closely evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies and tactics for example the gathering and structuring of data regarding market, product, customer and the pricing trends, then the generation of daily sales report should be maintained and then in the end continuous reconfirming of the marketing budget and activities by the managers of different divisions Financial Forecasts Financial forecasts are predictions of future events relating strictly to expected costs and revenue costs for future years. There are five major marketing expenditures, which include research costs, product development costs, product costs, promotion costs and distribution costs. Sales force composite is the most logical method in forecasting revenue. This involves estimates from individual salespeople to sell to work out a total for the whole business. Once these costs and revenues are forecasted, management can then decide which combination of marketing mix strategies will deliver the most sales revenue at the lowest cost. Implementing Implementation is the process of turning plans into actions, and involves all the activities that put the marketing plan to work. Successful implementation depends on how well the business blends its people, organizational structure and company culture into a cohesive program that supports the marketing plan. For its further success, Coca Cola must impose several key changes. Production needs to be on time and meet the quota demanded from wholesalers. It must also be efficient so as not to build inventory stocks and inventory prices. The marketing needs to be motivated and knowledgeable about the product. The forms of promotion such as advertising must be attracting and enticing to the target market to get the greatest amount of exposure possible for the product. This will ensure the success of the product in the stores. Distribution of the product must be efficient. This problem has already been taken care of with convenient transport routes to commercial areas and transport already being arranged. MONITORING AND CONTROLLING Monitoring and controlling allows the business to check for variance in the budget and actual. This is important because it allows Coca Cola to take the necessary actions to meet the marketing objectives. There are three tools Coca Cola should use to monitor the marketing plan. They are the following: Sales Analysis The sales analysis breaks down total business sales by market segments to identify strengths and weaknesses in the different areas of sales. Sellers of Coca Cola products vary from major retail supermarkets to small corner stores. This gives its products maximum exposure to customers at their convenience. Market Share Analysis Market share analysis compares Coca Cola’s business sales performance with that of its competitors. Coca Cola looks to increase its market share by over 60%. With the changes Coca Cola is currently undergoing, they aim to regain an iron fist control of the market. Target market various age groups and lifestyles from high school students too universities, and male or female. Marketing Profitability Analysis This analysis looks at the cost side of marketing and the profitability of products, sales territories, market segments and sales people. There are three ratios to monitor marketing profitability; they are market research to sales, advertising to sales and sales representatives to sales. The results of these three tools can help Coca Cola determine any emerging trends, such as the need for a different product. Comparing these results with actual results gives the business an idea on when to change. Market Research When attempting to implement a new Marketing plan a business must address its target market and conduct the relevant information to insure the new marketing plan both differs from the old and is better for the business. When conducting market research a business must first define the problem and then gather the appropriate information to solve the problem. There are 3 types of information a business can gather to solve its problems. †¢ Exploratory Research which clarifies the problem an d searches for ways to address it. †¢ Descriptive Research is used to measure and describe things like the market potential for a product and characteristics of the target market. †¢ Casual Research is used to test a hypothesis about a cause and effect relationship. Coca Cola through its market research has addressed all three types of research to define the problems raised by shareholders and gathered information to serve their needs. Factors Influencing Consumer Choice When making decisions on products a business must look at factors that influence consumer choice such as psychological factors, Socio-Cultural factors, Economic factors and Government Factors. Psychological Factors: such as motivation, perception, lifestyle, personality and self concept, learning, and attitudes influence the consumer’s behavior towards a product and Coca Cola has addressed this issue by introducing Diet Coke to satisfy health conscious lifestyles. Socio-Cultural factors: such as culture, subculture, socio-economic status, family and reference groups influence the consumer’s behavior towards a product. Economic factors: such as Disposable income and discretionary income. Coca Cola has addressed this side of the influence by maintaining a low price on the price of its products. Government Factors: such as new regulations, inflation, interest rates all influence consumer spending and choice. (Alberto, 2007) References Alberto, J. 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